A Day of My L,ife, or Everyday Experiences at Eton. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 184.. 1 00 

Adams. New Wall Map of tlie State of New York. 68x74 inches, cloth 5 00 

Aids to School Discipline. Per box 125 

Supplied separately; per 100 Merits, 15 cts; Half Merits, 15 cts; Cards, 

15cts; Checks, 40; Certificates. 50 cts. 

Air Test Bottles. Per set of 3, in cloth case 1 OG 

AlHerx {3os,e\)\\) First Principles of PoliticalEeonomv. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 153. 75 

Arey (A. L.) Manual of Experimental Physics. Cloth, 16nio, pp. 200 75 

Arnold (Thomas). Stanley's Life of, J. S. Carlisle. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 252... 1 00 

Ascham (Roger). Sketch of, hy 'R. H. Quick. Paper, 16mo, pp. 55 15 

Biography, by Samuel Johnson. Cloth, l6mo, pp. 252 1 00 

Complete Works. Cloth, 16mo, 4 vols 5 00 

Badger Primary Table. Three sizes §8 00, $15.00, 22 00 

Bales (C. R.) The Diacritical Speller. Boards, 8vo, pp. 68 50 

Ball (J. W.) 1000 Questions- and- An sivers in Brauing. Leatli,, 16mo, pp. 67 40 

Instruction in CUlzenshzp' Leatherette, 12nio,pp. 63 40 

Bardeen (C. W) Common Sch<>ol Law. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 166 75 

iioderic/f JTwrng. The story of a New York Teacher. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 295. 

Verbal Pitfalls. A manual of 1500 misused words, Cloth, 16mo, pp. 223. . . 

Some Facts about our Public Schools. Paper, Bvo. pp . 32. .^^ 



>duced. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



y 



sh.cit.:M 

tM^4 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



p... 
t pp. 



160 1 



J 



^ni, X, 

ey, 8vo, 



25 
75 
25 
40 
25 
25 
25 
25 
15 
40 
10 
10 
10 
25 
00 
15 
15 
15 
50 



5 50 



——The Presen"^ 

The Tax- P« 

Teaching a 

The Teache 

The Teache? 

Efect of the 

History of E 

Dime Quest 

Dime Quest 

Dime Quest, 

A Brief Qec 

The School 

The Song i 

The Song Ct 

The Song P 

The Song Bu 

Barnard (Hen 

XIII, XVI, : 

pp. about 80 

Letters, EsSi _ . ,„.x,, >.„vr. t>p. 552.. 3 50 

Kindergarten and Child Culture Papers, etc. Cloth, '8vo, pp. 784 3 50 

American Pedagogy. Cloth, 8vo. wp. 510 3 50 

English Pedagogy. Series I., Cloth, 8vo, pp. 482, Series II., pp. 608. each 3 50 

National Education. Part L, German States. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 916; 

Partll., The Rest of Europe, pi).12Q3. Each 5 50 

Technical Education. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 807 5 50 

— '-Military Systems of Education. Cloth. Bvo, pp. 960 5 50 

The Ed'l Labors of , by Will S. Monroe, Leatherette. 16mo, pp. 35 50 

Basedow (J. B.) -S/fdtfh o/, by R. H. Quick . Paper, IBmo. pp. 18 15 

Bassett (J. A.) Latitude, Longitude and Time, Manilla, 16mo. pp.43 25 

Beebe (Levi N.) First Steps among Figures. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 326 100 

; Pupils' Edition. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 140 45 

Beesaa (Am2ih\e) The Spirit of Education. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 325, and Portrait 1 25 

Bell (Andrew) An Old Educational Reformer. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 182 1 00 

Bennett (C. W.) National Education in Europe. Paper, 8vo, pp. 28 15 

History of the Philosophy of Pedagogics. Leatherette. 16mo, pp. 43 50 

Blakely ( W. A.) Chart of Parliamentai^ Rules. Parchment Paper, pp. 4 25 
Bradford (W. H.) Thirty Possible Problems in Percentage. 16mo, pp. 34 . . . 25 

Bristol (H. C.) Honesty Cards in Arithmetic. Box of 48 cards, 3x4H 50 

Brown (I. H.) Common School Examiner and Review. Pp. 371 1 00 

Buckham (Henry B.) Handbook for Young Teachers. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 152. 75 

Buffalo Examination Questions, Firpt Year. Leatherette, 16mo. pp. 110 50 

Busrbee, (A. G.) Exercises in Englv^h Syntax, Leatherette, 16mo, pp.85.. 35 

Key to the same. Leatherette, 16m o, pp. 36 85 

Bulletin Spelling Pads, 70 pages. Each 15 

Book- Keeping Blanks. Press -board, 7x8H, pp. 28. Each 15 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



'BixUetin Compositidtt Book. Manilla, 7x9, pp. 44 15 

Class Regifter. iTess-board cover, Tlirte Hizes, (a) 6x7, for terms ol 

twenty weeks U>) 5x7, for terms ol fourteen weeks. Pp. 48 25 

(c) Like (b) but with one-half more v72) pages 35 

Pe/iciZ //o/rfer, numbered for tiU pupils 2 00 

Burchard (O. K.) Two Months in. Euro ue. Paper, 16mo, pp. 168 50 

Buruham (W. P.) Datie-s of Outposts U. S. Army. Cloth, 24mo, pp. 171 50 

Burritt (J. L.) Penmansdip in Public Schools. l2mo, pp. 62 and chart 60 

Butler (Nicholas Murray) The Place of Comenius m the Histoi y of Edu- 
cation. Paper, 16mo, pp. 20 15 

Caesar's Conspiracy of the Helvetians . Paper, 16mo, pf>. 20 10 

Caufield (James H.) The Opportunities of the Rural Poor for Higher Edu- 

caiion. Paper, 8vo, pp.24 15 

Carlisle (J. S.) Two Great Teachers, Ascharn ¥inil Arnold. Cloth, 16mo, 

pp.252 100 

Catalogue of Boohs for Teachers. 8vo, pp. 72 06 

Cheney (F.) A Globe Manual for Schools. Paper, 16mo, pp. 95 25 

Civil Service Question Book. Cloth, 16mo, p.p. 282 150 

Clarke (Noah T.) Chart ot U. S. History, Si'jXl^. Each Be; per dozen... 50 
Code of Public Instruction, New York, 1888, Leather, 8vo, pp. 1075, net. . 4 00 

Colored Crayon, for Blackboard, per box of one dozen, nine colors 25 

Collins (Henry.) The International Date Line. Paper, 16mo, pp.15 15 

Comenius, Orbis Pictus. Cloth, 8vo, large paper, top edge gilt. Pp.232 3 00 

Life and Educational Wo7'T<f. by S, S. Laurie. Cloth, Jll. 16mo. pp. 272.. 1 00 

Sketch of, by ii. H. Quick. Paper,16mo, pp. 25 15 

Comfort (Geo. F.) Modern Languages in Education. Paper, 16mo, pp.40. 25 
Comfort, (Silas F.) Orthographic and Isometric Projection. ISmo, pp. 64. . 75 

Cooke (Sidney (x.) Politics and Schools. Paper. 8vo, pp. 23 25 

Cooper (Oscar R J Compulsory Laws and their Enforcement. P., 8vo, pp. 6 15 

Cube Root Blocks, carried to 3 places 1 00 

Cyclopaedia of Education. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 562 3 75 

Davis (W. W.) Suggestions for Teaching Fractions. Paper, 16mo, pp. 43.. 25 

*FractionalApparatus. in box 4 00 

De Graff (E. V.) Practical Phonics. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 108 75 

Pocket Pronunciation Book. Manilla, 16mo, pp. 47 15 

The School-Room Guide to School Management and Methods of Teach- 
ing. 70th Edition. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 350 1 50 

Development Lessons. Cloth, 8vo., pp. 301 1 50 

The School-Room Chorus. Boards, small 4to, pp. 147 35 

Calisthenics and Disciplinary Exercises. Manilla, 16mo, pp. 39 25 

De Guimps (Roger). Pestalozzi, his Aim and Wo7'k. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 331.. 1 50 

Denominational Schools. Disc^ission Ot 1889. Paper, 8vo, pp. 71 25 

Dickinson (John W.) T/ie Liviits of Oral Teacliing. Paper, 16mo, pp. 24 15 
Dielil (Anna Randall-) A Practical Delsarte Primer. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 66.. . 50 
Diplomas, printed to order from any design furnished. Specimens sent. 

(a) Bond paper, 14x17, for 25 .' 5 00 

" " " 50 6 50 

(b) " " 16x20," 25 5 50 

«' " " " 50 7 50 

(c) Parchment, 15x20" 1 8 50 

Each additional copy 75 

Donaldson (.James). Lectures on Education. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 185 1 TO 

Durham (J. H.) Carleton Island in the Revolution. Paper, 16mo, pp. 128. oO 

Eckardt's Anatomical Charts, per set 15 00 

Education as Viewed by Thinkers. Paper, l6mo, pp. 47 15 

Edwards (A. M.) Graded Lessons in Langiiage. Nos. 1-6. Each, paper, 8vo, 

pp. 80, per dozen 100 

500 Every Day Business Problems in Arithmetic. 500 card s, 1^x3 Vi 50 

500 Questions in Civics. 250 cards, 1V2X4 50 

Historical Game, " Oiir Ccmntry.''' 100 cards, 2^x3% 50 

Historical Cards. S^ixS^i. 

(a) General History. 200 cards 100 

(h) United States History. Parti. 92 cards 50 

(c) United States History. Part II. 108 cards 60 

(d) United States Historv, Complete. 200 cards 1 00 

Outline and Topic Book in U. S. History. Paper, 8vo, pp. 212 50 

Geographical Game, " Our Country.'" 100 cards, 2}4x3% 50 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



GeograpJdcal Cards. ZMxb}>i. 

(a) Fart I. Physical Geography and North America. 100 cards 50 

ib) Part II. The Pest of the World. lOU cards 50 

(c) Complete. 2U0 cards 100 

Emerson (H. P.} Latin in High Schools. Paper, 8vo, pp. 9 25 

Essays on the Kindergarten. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 175 100 

Farnham (Geo. L.) The Sentence Method of Reading. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 50. 50 

Fitch (Joshua G.) The Art of Questioning. Paper, Itimo, pp. 36 15 

The Art of Securing Attention. Paper, Itiiao, pp. 43. Second Edition.. 15 

Lectures on Teaching, Reading Club Edition. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 436, 1 25 

Froebel (Fr.) Autobiography of. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 183 1 50 

Geometry Test Papers, by \Vm. Smith. Packages of 100, B^aXlO 1 00 

Geddes (Patrick). Industrial Eochihitimis. Paper, 16nio, pp. 57 25 

Gill (John.) School Management. 44th Thousand. Cloth, l6nio, pp. 276..., 1 00 
Granger (Oscar.) Metric Tables and Problems. Manilla, IQuio, pp. 23.... 25 
Grant (James). History of the Burgh-ScJwols of Scotland. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 591. 3 00 
Gray (Thos. J.) Methods and Courses in Normal Schools. Paper, 8vo,pp. 19 15 
Griffin (Ida L.) Topical Geography, with Methods. Leatherette, 12mo, pp.142 50 

Hailmann (W. N.) Kindergarten Manual. Boards, 8vo, pp. 58 75 

The New Education. Vol. VI and last. Cloth, 8vo, pp. 146 2 00 

Hall (Marcelia W.) Orthoepy Made Easy. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 100 75 

Harlow (W. B.) Early English Literature. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 138 76 

Harris, (W. T.) Natural Science in the Public Schools. Paper, 16mo, pp. 40. 15 

The Theory of Education. Paper, 16mo, pp. 54 — 15 

The Educational Value of Manual Training. Paper, 8vo, pp . 14 15 

Art Education The True Industrial Education. Paper, Svo, pp. 9 15 

University and School Extension, Paper, Svo, pp.12 15 

The General Government and Public Education. Paper, 8vo, pp. 8 15 

Report on Pedagogical and Psychological Observation. Paper, Svo, pp. 6. 15 

Hartlib, (Samuel.) Memoir of, hy K.Dircks. Cloth, 12mo, pp.124 2 00 

Heermans (Forbes.) Stories of the Far West. Cloth, 16mo, pp.260... 1 25 
Hendrick (Mary F.) Questions in Literature. Boards, 16mo, pp. 100... 35 
Hendrick ( W.) " The Table is Set." A Comedy for Schools, 16mo, pp. 30. . 15 

School History of the Emjyire State. Cloth, 12mo, pp . 201 75 

Hinsdale (B. A.) Pedagogical Chairs in Colleges. Paper, Svo, pp. 11 15 

Hoose (James H.) Studies in Articulation. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 70 50 

On the Province of Methods of Teaching . Cloth, 16mo, pp. 376 1 00 

Pestalozzian First- Year Arithmetic. Boards, 16mo, pp. 217 50 

Pupils' Edition. Boards, 16mo, pp. 156 35 

Second Tear Arithmetic. Boards, l6mo, pp 236 50 

*Hornstone Slating, the best crayon surface made. Per gallon 8 00 

Slated Paper, per square yard (if by mail, 60 cts) 5o 

Hoss (Geo. H.) Memory Gems. 16mo, paper, pp. 40 15 

Hotchkiss (Viala P.) Practical Lessons in Object Drawing. Leatherette, 

4to,pp.80 75 

Hughes (James L.) Mistakes in Teaching. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 135 50 

How to Secure and Retain Attention. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 98 50 

Huntington (Rt. Rev. F. D.) Unconscious Tuition. Paper, 16mo, pp. 45.. 15 

Hutton (H. H.) A Manual of Mensuration. Boards, 16mo, pp. 168 50 

Jackson (E. P.) Class Record Cards. 90 white and 10 colored cards 50 

Jacotot (Joseph). Sketch of , by B. K. Qnick. Paper, 16mo, pp. 28 15 

JohnEson's Chai^t of Astronomy. On blue enamelled cloth, 40x46 inches — 3 50 
Johnston's Wall Maps. Send for Circulars. 

*Jones's Vacimm Blackboard Erasers. Per dozen 1 00 

Juliand (Anna M.) Brief Tiews of U. S. History. Leatherette, 16mo,pp. 69. 35 
Karoly (Akin). The Dilemmas of Labor and Education. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 77. 1 00 

Kay (David.) Education and Educators. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 490 1 50 

Keller (0.) Monthly Report Cards. 2^x4 inches. Per hundred 100 

Kennedy (John.) The Philosophy of School Discipline. 16mo, pp. 23... 15 
Kiddle (Henry.) 3000 Grammar Questions, with Full Answers and Refer- 
ences to all'leading Text Books. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 220 1 00 

Kindergarten Essays. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 175 1 00 

Knott (E. E.) The Ready Reference Law Manual. Cloth, Svo, pp. 381 2 CO 

Ijandon(Jos.) School Management. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 376 125 

liatham (Henry.) On the Action of Examinations, 12mo, pp. 400 150 

I^aurie (S. S.) John Amos Comenixis. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 272 1 00 

I^awrence (E. C.) Recreations in Ancient Fields. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 177... 100 
Locke (John) . Sketch of, by R, H. Quick. Paper, 16mo, pp. 27 15 



NEW YORK STATE 

EIAMINATION PESTIONS 

Being the Questions given at all the Examinations for 

State Certificates from the beginning to 

the present time, embracing 

TEN THOUSAND QUESTIONS 



IN 



Reading, Writing, Drawing, Arithmetic, Geography, Grammar, United Statei 
History, General History, Algebra, Geometry, Book-Keeping, Compo- 
sition, Rhetoric, Literature, Civil Government, Physiology, 
Zoology, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy, Astron- 
omy, Physics, Chemistry, Methods, School 
Economy, School Law, Latin, 
French, German, 
etc. 







'/^. 



^^WASH^^ 



SYKACUSE, K. Y. ^ n -> 

C. W. BARDEEN", PUBLISHER ^^3 V2 
1894 ^ 



Copyright, 1892, by C. W. Bardeen 



X 



FIRST STATE EXAMINATION, 



9; the fourth, 11 : find the second term and explain 
the operation. 

5. What is ^ per cent, of 4.7 ? 

G. An article was bought for $4:^ and sold for $4 ; 
what was the loss per cent. ? 

7. A note at 30 days, for $400, without interest, 
is discounted by a bank at the rate of 7 per cent, per 
annum. How much does the bank pay for it ? 

8. I sold $1000 U. S. 5-20s afe llSf per cent., pay- 
ing brokerage ^ per cent. How much did the broker 
pay me ? 

9. Extract the square root of .9. 



GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 

1-5. Bound each zone and give the width of each 
m degrees. 

6. What circle separates the Eastern from the 
Western Hemisphere ? 

7. How long is a day at the North Pole ? 

8. When does it begin and when end ? 

9. Which is farther 10° north or 10" west from 
Albany ? 

10. Why? 

11-15. Mention five lakes Avholly within the State 
of New York. 

16-17. Mention two tributaries of the Mississippi 
above its confluence with the Missouri. 

18. What is the capital of the Dominion of Canada? 

19. Mention the provinces included in it. 

20. Which is the smallest state in the Union ? 

21. What bay on the east of Lake Huron ? 

22. What bay on the west of Lake Huron ? 

23. Where is the Welland Canal? 

24. What cape at the southern extremity of Cali- 
fornia ? 



ALBANY, DECEMBER IG, 1875. HI 

25. On what two rivers is Philadelphia ? 

26-27. AVhat lake between Lake Huron and Lake 
Erie ? What river connects it with Lake Erie ? 

28-32. Mention five seas, bays or gulfs on the 
southern coast of Europe. 

33. What is the largest river of North America 
which flows into the Pacific Ocean ? 

34. What is the capital of Denmark ? 

35. Where does the Danube empty ? 

36. What is the capital of Japan ? 

37. Which is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 

38. What. country of South America extends far- 
thest south ? 

39. Mention a river in Africa south of the Equator ? 
40-42. State some of the conditions which deter- 
mine the climate of a locality. 

43-45. Give three proofs of the rotundity of the 
earth. 

46. What is a watershed? 

47. What is the cause of land and sea breezes ? 

48. What is dew ? 

49. Name a rainless region, and state the cause. 

50. What is the entire population of the globe ? 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR— One Hour. 

1. Write the plural of (a) fanci/, (b) chimney, (c) 
dye, (d) alumna, (e) Mr., (/) genus, (g) son-in-law, (h) 
spoonful. 

2. Give an example of (a) a derivative word and 
(6) a compound word. 

3. Give, in tabular form, the parts of speech you 
would recognize, placing after each (a) the classes 
and (6) the modifications (if any) which you would 
name as belonging to it Thus : 



It first state EXA^nNATIOX, 

PAKTS OF SPEECH. CLASS-ES. MODIFICATIONS. 

4. Write the following nouns in the possessive^ 
case, governed by hoohs : (a) lady, (b) ladies, (c) au- 
thoress, (d) women, (e) Prince of Wales. 

5. Compare the following adjectives : (a) near, (b) 
fore, (c) old, (d) happy, (e) gay. 

6. When would you use the forms later, latest, and 
when latter, last? When would you use further, and 
when farther ? 

7. Write the present infinitive, the imperfect past 
(or preterite) and the perfect participle of these 
verbs : (a) sow, (b) drink, (c) lie, (I lie down), {d) lie, 
(to falsify), (e) lay, (transitive), (/) singe, (g) frolic, 
(h) dye, (i) cast. 

8. Write a correct English sentence in which the 
verb does not " agree with its subject in person and 
number." 

9. Name the measure, and mark the feet of one 
line in the following : 

" So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found 
Among the faithless, faithful only he ; 
****** 

Nor numbers nor example with him wrought 

To swerve from truth or change his constant mind, 

Though single." 

10. Parse faithful, line 2, and singUy line 5. Prin- 
cipal parts of wrought. 

11. (a) Much (6) that Herodotus tells us of this 
expedition is (c) more incredible than (cZ) that (e) 
longer and far different description of it (/) which 
Xenophon gives, {g) Which of the historians shall 
we believe ? Or must we decide, in view of late dis- 
coveries, Qi) that it is impossible to have faith any 
{%) longer in (J) what either of them has writtet» 
about it? 



ALBAIiT, DECEMBER 16, 1875. 



Write each of the words to which a letter is pre- 
fixed. What part of speech is each, as here used, 
and to what class named in your table above would 
you refer it? 

[Syntax and Analysis will receive more especial at- 
tention in the oral examination.] 



SELECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 

(1) Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise 

(2) (That last infirmity of noble mind) 

(3) To scorn dehghts, and live laborious days ; 

(4) But the fair guerdon when we hope to find, 

(5) And think to burst out into sudden blaze, 

(6) Comes the bUnd Fury with the abhorred shears, 

(7) And slits the thin-spun life. "But not the 

praise," 

(8) Phoebus replied, and touch'd my trembling ears ; 

(9) " Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil, 
<10) Nor in the gUttering foil 

(11) Set oft' to the world, nor in broad rumor lies, 

(12) But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes, 
<13) And perfect witness of all-judging Jove : 

(14) As he pronounces lastly on each deed, 

(15) Of so much fame in Heaven expect thy meed.'' 

— I/ycidas. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY— One Hour. 

1. G-ive some facts and dates connected with the 
life and the discoveries of Christopher Columbus. 

2. Sketch briefly the war which gave Canada to 
England. 

3. What were the causes of the Revolutionary 



Tl FIRST STATE EXAMINATION, DEC 16, 1875. 

war ? Grive a brief outline of this war, naming at 
least four of the important battles, with dates. 

4. State the chief points of difference between the 
federation of the colonies and the present govern- 
ment of the United States. 

5. In what wars has our government been engaged 
since the Revolution ? Causes, results and dates. 

6. Name at least five presidents of the United 
States, mentioning some event associated with the 
administration of each of the five. 

7. What do you understand by the " Monroe Doc- 
trine?" 

8. When did the war of the Rebellion begin, and 
when did it end ? Name the leading statesmen and 
generals engaged on either side. Mention at least 
six of the most important battles, with dates. 

9. What important events are suggested to you by 
the following dates: 1492? 1497? 1763? 1789? 
April 9, 1865 ? AprU 14, 1865 ? 



ALGEBRA— One Hour. 

1. Define and illustrate by examples, the termSy 
Coefficient, Exponent, Polynomial. 

2. Show that the product of two minus quantities 
is plus. 

3. Divide Vla^h^x by 4a'5'ic and explain the opera- 
tion. 

4. In the equation 4aj + 4 = a — 3a;, transpose the 
terms + 4 and — 3x, and show that the operation, 
does not destroy the equality of the members. 

6. Solve the equations, ^a^ + 2y = &. 

juX "^ ay — c, 

6. Define the terms. Radical Quantity and Similar 
Radicals. 

7. Prove that the square root of the product of 



SECOND EXAMINATION, MARCH 23, 1876. vij 

two quantities is equal to the product of their square 
roots. 

a Solve — ic' = 12 — 4a;. 

Verify the first root 



Second Examination for State Certificates, 

Syracuse, March 23, 1876, 

EXAMINERS: 

Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D., President of the 

Cornell University. 

jAiiES H. HoosE, A.M. Ph.D., Principal of the Cort- 
land State Normal School. 

Samuel Thurbkr, A.M., Principal of the Syracuse 
High School. 

One Candidate Entered ; Successful : 
H. F. Burt, A.M., Palmyra. 



ARITHMETIC— One Hour. 

1. Change $25 from a concrete to an abstract num- 
ber, and state your reasons for v^hat you do. 

2. What part of an acre is a lot 75 ft. wide by 
150 ft. long ? 

3. Two places differ in time 4 h. 9 m. 7 sec. What 
do they differ in longitude ? 

4. Write the table of square measure. 

5. Sold 517 bbls. of flour for $8.10 a bbl., at a 
profit of 8 per cent What was the whole cost ? 

6. A note for $1,800, payable in 60 days, was dis- 



SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, 



SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. What is a School ? 

2. What is its exact place in our Civil Organiza- 
tion ? That is, where does it belong as it regards the 
Family, the Society, and the Civil Body Politic ? 

3. What is the relative position of the Instructor 
as compared to that of the Patron, to that of the 
Citizen, and to that of the Civil Officer in the employ- 
ment of the State ? 

4. As a Managing Officer in the School, what are 
the great Classes of Powers that the Instructor rep- 
resents, — looking towards the School ? 

5. What are proper Fundamental Considerations 
upon which to base Regulations for School Manage- 
ment? 

6. What Classes of Regulations are to be consid- 
ered as essential in School Management ? 

7. To what Rights are pupils in School entitled ? 

8. How many Pupils should be assigned to each 
Teacher, in G-rading Schools ? Or, upon what basis 
of Attendance should the number of Teachers be es- 
tablished ? 

9. What are the Special Purposes to Pupils of a 
Recitation ? 

10. What is the just Agency of the Teacher, at the 
Recitation ? 

11. What measures are you prepared to suggest, 
that shall best guard and conserve the Physical Well- 
being and Comfort of the pupils while in School ? 

12. What are the Sociable Duties of the Educator 
in the community in which he finds himself located ? 

13. What purposes have you maturing, and what 
preliminary work have you already accomplished, by 
which you hope to solve the following Problem, viz. : 

How can an Educator become able and effijctive as 
a School Manager and Teacher, and at the same time 
keep himself easily, sympathetically and vigorously 



SYBACUSE, MARCH 23, 1876. 



prograisive in his own intellectual growth and Cul- 
ture, and also honor his Cause and himself in dis- 
charging his duties as a member of the Social and 
Civil Life to which he belongs ? 



SCHOOL LAW. 

Legal Qualifications : 

1. Is a teacher holding a State Certificate obUged 
to undergo the regular examination by the board of 
education in cities where the board has the legal 
right to license its own teachers ? 

2. Can a County Commissioner annul a State Cer- 
tificate ? If so, for what reasons and by what method 
of procedure ? AVhat redress has the holder of the 
Certificate, if it has been annulled unjustly ? 
Teachers' Contracts: 

3. What conditions are necessary to the validity 
of a Teacher's Contract in a district with three trust- 
ees, as to 

(a) Legal qualification. 

(b) Relationship to any of the trustees. 

(c) Circumstances under which the contract is 

made. 

4. What is a legal school month in this State ? 

5. Which are the legal holidays in this State ? 

6. Can debts or notes due third parties — either of 
the three trustees, for instance, — be ofiset against the 
teacher's wages ? 

The Teacher's Authority : 

7. State in general terms how the law regards the 
infliction of corporal punishment. 

8. State the school law of this State regarding re- 
ligious exercises in public schools. 

9. Can a teacher expel a pupil from school ? 

10. What legal remedy has the teacher against an 



XU SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, 

expelled or suspended pupil who refuses to leave a 
building? 

11. What legal remedy has the teacher against a 
parent who interferes in school hours with his man- 
agement of the school ? 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. What is the object of Book-keeping ? 

2. Define — and describe, by writing a sample page 

(a) Day-book. 

(b) Ledger. 

(c) Cash-book. 

(d) Alphabet, or Index. 

3. Define, and illustrate by some simple commer- 
cial transaction what is meant by : 

(a) Single Entry Book-keeping. 

(b) Double Entry Book-keeping. 



GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 

1. What is Physical Geography ? 

2. What is Political Geography ? 

3. What is Astronomical Geography ? 

4. Is the statement exactly true that the earth is 
a sphere ; if not, why not ? 

5. Describe the position of the tropics upon the 
^lobe. 

6. Through what countries in Europe does that 
parallel of latitude run which passes through the city 
of New York ? 

7. Name, in their order, the seas through which 
one would pass in taking the shortest practicable 
route from London to Bombay. 

8. Name, in their order, the States and Territories 
through which one would pass in going by railway 
irom Albany to San Francisco. 



SYBACUSi:. : 'ARCH 23, ISTG. xlli- 

9. In what direction do the main mountain ranges 
of Europe and Asia run ? 

10. In what direction do the mountain ranges of 
America run ? 

11. The Rivers Rhine and Rhone, which is the 
French and which is the German river : which runs 
north and which runs south ? 

12. In what direction from Paris is Havre ? 

13. In what direction from Rome is Venice? 

14. Grlasgow and Edinburgh — which is on the east 
and which is on the west side of Scotland ? 

15. Give, within a hundred miles, the length of 
Italy. 

IG. How does Lake Superior compare in area with 
England ? 

17. Name a navigable river of large size, wholly in 
one of our Southern States, which runs north, 

18. On what two rivers is Charleston situated ? 



ALGEBRA— One Hour. 

1. Discuss the subjects of Algebraic Signs and" 
Quantities — under Definitions and Notation. 

2. Fractions: Give definitions of Terms, and of 
the Real and Apparent Signs; from examples 
wrought, deduce the general principles of Opera- 
tion ; discuss the different cases of Reduction. 

3. Simple Equations containing two or more un- 
known quantities : discuss, and illustrate by exam- 
ples, the subject of Elimination by Substitution, by 
Comparison, by Addition and Subtraction. 

4. Multiply Vi by V^. 

b X 

5. Quadratic Equations containing one unknown, 
quantity: define Pure and Affected Quadratics: dis- 
•cuss the method of Completing the Square. 



ilv SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, 

6. Arithmetical Progression: develop and in- 
terpret the formulas for the Last Term, and for the 
Sum of the Series. 

7. Demonstrate: "If your quantities be in pro- 
portion, the like powers or roots of the same quanti- 
ties will be in proportion." 



G-EOMETRY— One Hour. 

1. What is a parellelogram ? 

2. When are quantities in proportion by composi- 
tion? 

3. Why must all radii of the same circle be equal ? 

4. State four conditions under which triangles are 
similar. 

5. Demonstrate the theorem: — "In an isosceles 
triangle the angles opposite the equal sides are 
-equal." 

6. Demonstrate the theorem : — " If a line be drawn 
parallel to the base of a triangle, it will divide the 
other two sides proportionally." 

7. Demonstrate the theorem : — " An angle at the 
circumference is measured by half the arc which sub- 
tends it." 

8. Find the area of a trapezoid whose parallel sides 
are 6 feet and 10 feet, and whose altitude is 5 feet : 
and state the principle involved. 

9. Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 10 
leet ; and state the principle involved. 



LATIN— One Hour. 

1. What Latin grammar have you studied ? What 
^ammar do you pref or to use in teaching, and why ? 

2. What authors have you read ? 

3. Name three Latin poets axid the works of each. 



SYRACUSE, MARCH 23, 1876. XT 

4. What are the chief characteristics of Caesar's 
style ? 

5. Translate Gallic war, book 1, paragraph 6. 

6. What syntactical peculiarity do you remark in 
the first sentence of this paragraph ? 

7. Account for the mode oi possent. 

8. Account for the mode of ducerentur. 

9. Account for the mode of viderentur. 

10. What would be the meaning of the sentence 
containing viderentur if this verb were in the indica- 
tive mode ? 

11. Compare difflcilis. 

12. Compare extremum. 

13. Give the derivation of iter. 

14. Give the derivation of altus. 

15. Give the derivation of ^aco. 

16. Decline locus. 

17. Account for the case oifinibus. 

18. Account for the case of Allohrogibiis. 

19. Account for the case of rebus. 

20. Explain the Roman method of designating 
days of the month. 



XTl THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 

Third Examination for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously J March 23, 24, 1877, at 

Albany, Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Potsdam, 
Elmira, and New York City. 

Forty-five Candidates Entered — Twenty-one Suc- 
cessful : 

At Albany^ (6 entered.) 

Otis H. Babbitt, Otego. 

John Johnston, Troy. 

Byron Mansfield, New Baltimore. 

Thomas O'Brien, North Albany. 

Emma Wygant, Albany. 
At Utica^ (7 entered.) 

C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse. 

GrEORGE GRIFFITH, Clinton. 

Margaret R. Leech, Fayetteville. 

Byron E. Sheer, Clayville. 
At Rochester, (12 entered.) 

Chauncey Brainard, Pittsford. 

G-RAHAM B. Bristol, Churchvilie. 

Wm. W. Gillis, W. Bloomfield. 

Francis D. Hodgson, Penn Yan. 

Phebe Pratt, Webster. 

Paraclete Sheldon, Rochester. 
At Buffalo, (1 entered.) 

Unsuccessful 
At Potsdam, (1 applied.) 

Ineligible : not examined. 
At Elmira, (10 entered.) 

Silas G. Burdick, Andover. 

Jas. T. McCullom, New Lisbon. 
At New York City, (9 entered.) 

Patrick J. Graham, Brooklyn. 

Henry J. Heidniss, New York. 

J. Albert Reinhart, Westchester. 



ALB Ayr, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 1877. ivtl 



ARITHMETIC— One Hour and a Half. 

1. Find the least common multiple of 9, 30, 36, 
48, 72, and explain the operation. 

2. Divide | by i, and explain the operation. 

3. Grive the standard units of linear measure in the 
United States and in France, and explain the mode 
of determining each. 

4. Explain the difference between Troy weight, 
avoirdupois weight and apothecaries weight; and 
show how avoirdupois ounces may be converted into 
ounces Troy, and apothecaries. 

5. A commission merchant in London buys goods 
for roe at 2f per cent, commission. How much 
money must I send him that his commission may be 
$50? 

6. State the rule which prevails in this State for 
computing interest on notes and other obligationB 
when partial payments have been made. 

7. Extract the cube root of 45876321. 

8. Demonstrate a rule for finding the sum of b 
geometrical series. 



ALGEBRA— One Houb. 

1. Multiply 3a'b*(f by — 5a*6V and explain the 
operation. 

2. Determine the value of 8**. 

3. Find the least common multiple of mac — luei 
fn'— n' and m^ir'. 

4. Find the value of x in the equation, 

X 3 + 2x _ 

2 ~ ^ " ""• 

6. Reduce 4^128a'6'a; to its simplest form, and 
state the principle employed. 

6. "Complete the square" (without clearing of 



ivlil THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 

fractions) in the equation — + 3a; = — 5, and ex- 
plain the operation. 

7. Find the values of x and y in the equations, 
X — y = S and x^ — 2/' = H^. 

8. Derive the formula for finding the last term of 
a Greometrical Progression. 



GEOMETRY— One Hour. 

1. Define a plane, a plane figure, a circle. 

2. Describe under their appropriate names, the 
difierent forms of a quadrilateral. 

3. Find the square of a side of a triangle opposite 
an acute angle, in terms of the squares of the other 
two sides and a rectangle on one of them. 

4. Explain the several steps taken in finding the 
approximate area of a circle. 

5. Explain the mode of reasoning called the re- 
ductio ad absurdum, as used in geometry. 

6. What is meant by the method of exhaustions f 



C^SAR— One Hour. 

[To be answered instead of the Questions in GeomC' 
try, if prefer ed by the Candidate.'] 

[Nunfiber and letter your answers to correspond to 
the questions. In handing in your paper state to the 
committee how much Latiii you have read.] 

I. Translate into idiomatic English, which shall 
still indicate, as far as possible, the Latin construc- 
tion: 

Cum tridui viam processisset, nunciatum est ei, 
Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum 
Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequan- 
orum, contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus pro- 
fecisse Id ne accideret, magno opere sibi praecaven- 



ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 33, 24, 1877. Xlx 

dum Caesar existimabat : namque omnium rerum, 
quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido 
facultas : idque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut mag- 
nam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea 
quod flumen Dubis, ut circino circumductum, paene 
totura oppidum cingit. 

1. G-ive the nominative singular, the declension, 
and the person, gender, number, case, and rule (or 
principle) for the government of each of the follow- 
ing nouns: (a) viam, (b) Ariovistum, (c) copiis, (d) 
Vesontionem, (e) itsui, (/) natura, and (g) loci. 

2. Write the principal parts of (a) processisset, (b) 
nunciatum est, (c) contendere, (d) profecisse, (e) mu- 
niebatur, ig) cingit. 

3. What is the subject of nunciatum est ? Explain 
fully. 

4. Rule for (or principle governing) the mood of 
{a), processisset, (b) contendere, (c) accideret, (d) daret, 
(e) cingit. 

5. How many uses of cum (quum) can you name ? 
Construction with each ? 

6. How many constructions for clauses expressing 
purpose can you specify ? 

7. Difference in meaning between quod (to assign 
a cause or reason) with the indicative and with the 
subjunctive. 

8. Parse tridui, line 1. Sibi, line 3. 

9. Rule (or principle) for the sequence (or depend- 
ence) of tenses in Latin ? Give one or more illustra- 
tions from the passage above. 

10. Compare the two adjectives found in the su- 
perlative, in this passage. Rules for the comparison 
of adjectives in -er and -lis. 

11. Composition or derivation of (a) accideret, (h) 
facultas, (c) tridui, (d) propterea, (e) profecisse. Ac- 
count for change of stem-vowel in the present of 
the last compound. 



XX THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 

12. Select from the passage a noun formed from' 
an adjective by the addition of a " nominal-ending." 
What is the force, in the noun you have selected, of 
this ending used in forming nouns ? Give other end- 
ings vi^hich have the same force. 

II. Translate into Latin the following sentences : 

1. Brutus is coming. (Venio.) 

2. Csesar says that Brutus is coming. 

3. Caesar said that Brutus was coming. 

4. Caesar says that he (Caesar) will come. 

5. I am afraid (vereor) that Caesar will come. 

III. Where is Vesontio ? Its modern name ? Du- 
bis — describe its course. Its modern name ? What 
are the Gallic Commentaries ? Sketch briefly, with 
a few dates, the career of Caesar. 



GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 

Define (1) Latitude, (2) Longitude, (3) LJquator^ 
(4) Parallels of Latitude, (5) Meridians, (6) Tropics, 
(7) Polar Circles. 

8. For what useful purpose are the Equator, Par- 
allels and Meridians employed ? 

9. What determines the position of the Tropics- 
and Polar Circles ? 

10. What is the highest Latitude, and what is the 
greatest Longitude a place can have, and (11) why? 

12-16. Across which grand divisions and oceans- 
does the Equator pass ? 

17-2'5. Name the grand divisions, oceans and seas 
that are traversed by the Meridian of Greenwich and. 
its opposite Meridian, considered together as a great 
circle. 

26. Where does the Meridian of Greenwich inter- 
sect the Equator ? (Indicate the locality by descrip- 
tion or name, without reference to degrees of Lati- 
tude or Longitude.) 



ALBANY, UTTCA, ETC, MARCH 33, Zi, 1877. xxl 

27. Which Meridian forms the eastern boundary 
-of the Western Hemisphere ? 

28. What is the Longitude of its western bound- 
ary ? 

29. State the two principal causes that co-operate 
to produce the changes of the seasons ? 

30. Give the Latitude of the Polar Circles. 

3L Which Zone contains the largest proportional 
amount of land surface ? 

32. Which the largest proportional amount of 
water surface ? 

33. In which does the most rain fall during the 
year? 

34. In which is found the highest civilization ? 

35. Which one of the five races of men is the most 
enlightened and powerful ? 

36. Bound the State of New York. 

37. What is the general direction (as to points of 
compass) of its watershed ? 

3"8. Name the oceanic gulfs and bays to which its 
streams are tributary. (2 gulfs, and 3 bays.) 

39. Which has the higher latitude, the City of New 
York, or the City of Paris ? 

40. Mention one or more of the coast conditions 
favorable to maritime commerce ? 

41 Mention one or more of the natural conditions, 
and one or more of the artificial advantages favorable 
to inland commerce. 

42 In what direction is the eastern continent 
longest ? and (43) the western continent ? 

44. In which grand division are found the ex- 
tremes of surface elevation and depression ? 

45. Name the largest inland sea that has no outlet. 
In what direction from Calcutta is (46) Jeddo? 

(47) Melbourne ? (48) Cape Town ? (49) St. Pet/vs- 
uurg? 



ml THIRD STATE EXAMINATIOX, 

50. How many degrees of longitude intervene be* 
tween the meridians of Greenwich and Washington f 

GRAMMAR — One Hour and a Half. 

1. Define (a) orthography ; (&) etymology. 

2. Distinguish between derivative and compound 
words, and illustrate. 

3. State the rules which govern the spelling of (a) 
acquitting, (b) changeable, (c) judgment. 

4. Write words in which «; and y shall be (a) 
vowels, (6) consonants. 

5. Write sentences containing better used as (a) an 
adjective, (&) an adverb. 

G. Compare the adjective of which last is the su- 
perlative. 

7. Write sentences in which each of the three 
forms above shall be correctly used. 

8. To what classes of words (parts of speech) can 
but be referred ? 

9. Write the plural of analysis, cargo, canto, talis- 
man, alkali, seraph, sheaf, handful, Mr. Smith, valley^ 
music. 

10. What are (a) the classes, (b) the modifications 
of pronouns ? 

11. Decline (a) it, (b) the relative pronoun which 
refers indifierently to persons, animals and things. 

12. Compare happy, far, forth, title, fuUj blue. 

13. (a) Define an auxiliary verb, (6) give a list of 
verbs commonly used as auxiliaries. 

14. Give the principal parts of each of the above 
verbs ; and state the mood, tense or form of conju- 
gation which each serves to determine. 

15. Give the principal parts of lie, say, daUy, jockey ^ 
climb, singe, traffic, dye. 

16. Write the verb go in the third person singular 
of (a) the present emphatic, (&) the simple future, (c> 
the future expressing determination. 



ALB ANT, UTTCA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 18T7. iJClU 

17. What moods may take the interrogative form ? 

18. Why is the following sentence incorrect? 
"To better understand the laws of one's country 
should be the constant aim of all." 

19. Analyze the above sentence according to any 
recognized method. 

20. Parse (a) one's (b) all (c) aim (giving the syn- 
tax of each word.) 

21. (a) Correct : " Four year's lease of power have 
fallen to his lot." (6) State the reason, (c) Parse 
four. 

22. (a) Correct : " Whom do you fancy could wish 
to be more happy than her." (&) Parse each word 
corrected. 

23. What verbs are followed by the infinitive 
vrithout the preposition to? 

24. (a) Correct , " May we not fail to do better in 
the future than we have in the past." (b) Q-ive 
reason. 

25. Mention the phrases in the above sentence and 
the words which they severally modify. 



RHETORIC. 

1. Discriminate between Grammar and Rhetoria 

2. How should an Oration difier from an Essay ? 

3. What do you understand by Rhetorical Defini- 
tion ; and in what respects are definitions frequently 
defective ? 

4. What degree of validity attaches to Probable 
as compared with Demonstrative reasoning ? 

6. How may the feelings of an audience be moved 
by a speaker? 

6. What degree of importance attaches to Natur- 
alness of Style ; and how is Naturalness consistent 
»^ith the use of Literary Models ' 



XXlT THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 

7. State in the order of relative importance the 
properties essential to all good style. 

8. What is essential with reference to clearness in 
respect to : (1) The Speaker's conception ? (2) The 
words employed? (3) The grammatical construc- 
tion? (4) The arrangement? (5) AmpUfication? 
(6) Illustration ? 

9. Give an original illustration of : (1) Simile. (2) 
Metaphor. (3) Metonymy. (4) Synecdoche. (5) 
Personification. 



LITERATURE. 

1. Give a definition of Literature. 

2. Describe the difi*erent departments into which 
Modern Literature may be divided, and name some 
of the leading English and American authors in each 
department. 

3. Explain wherein Poetry dififers from Prose. 

4. Give some account of Milton's Paradise Lost; 
explaining its subject ; its metre ; and the character 
of the work. 

5. (a) Name the principal EngHsh authors of the 
fifteenth century, and state in what department of 
literature each excelled, (b) Give lists of the chief 
works of the following authors, respectively : Chau- 
cer, Milton, Dryden, DeFoe, Addison, Dr. Johnson, 
Fielding, (c) Name the authors and state the nature 
of the following works, respectively : The Task, The 
Dunciad, Tale of a Tub, Adonais, McFingal, She 
Stoops to Conquer, Utopia, Mosses from an Old 
Manse, Essays of Eha, Tristram Shandy, (d) What 
plays of Shakespeare are drawn from English his- 
tory, and over what period do they extend. 



ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 34, 1877. XXT 

AMERICAN HISTORY— One Hour. 

[The ariswers to questions 3 and 7 will he taken a* 
tests of proficiency of English Composition.^ 

1. Name, in order of succession, the Presidents of 
the United States, and the duration of service of 
those who held office more or less than one term. 

2. Give, with dates, the names, and causes of the 
chief wars in which the United States have taken 
part, both prior to and since the adoption of the 
Constitution. 

3. Give a brief sketch of the causes that led to the 
Southern Rebellion. Mention the states in the order 
of their secession. 

4. Name the leading battles fought during the late 
war, the generals who commanded on either side, 
and the victorious party. 

5. When and by whom was the Emancipation 
Proclamation signed? 

6. Give the main features of the fourteenth and 
fifteenth amendments to the Constitution. 

7. Mention the leading spirits in the American 
Revolution, and any characteristic or events connect- 
ed with each. 

8. Give, approximately, the population of the 
United States. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Define History. 

2. Give some account of the cities that were visit- 
ed by Paul, the Apostle. 

3. Into what classes was the population of Athena 
divided, in the time of Pericles ? 

4. Describe the government of the Modern Greeks. 
6. AVhat results were secured by the battles of 

Marathon ; of Phillippi ; of Hastings ; of Waterloo 7 



XXVI THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 

6. Classify the nations of Europe, according to the 
rehgion prevailing in each. 

7. Give a brief account of the Crimean War and 
" the Eastern Questions." 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What are the qualifications of the President of 
the United States as defined by the Constitution ? 

2. How may amendments to the Constitution of 
the United States be made ? 

3. State the composition and functions of the 
United States Judiciary Department. 

4. Of what bodies does the Legislature of the 
State of New York consist ? 

5. What are the Qualifications of a member in each 
branch? 

6. What is a tax ? How are taxes levied ? What 
is a capitation or poll tax ? 

7. What is meant by franchise ? State the causes 
of disfranchisement. 

8. What is the difierence between a grand and a 
petit jury ? 

9. What are usury laws f The object of their en- 
actment ? 

10. What is meant by the right of eminent domain f 

METHODS. 

1. What do you understand by the term Methodg 
as applied to teaching ? 

2. On what principle does the maintenance of or- 
der during class-room instruction chiefly depend ? 

3. What methods would you adopt in introducing 
a subject — grammar for instance — to a class of begin- 
ners? State any principles that underUe these 
methods. 



ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 1877. xxvl> 

4. State some of the methods to be employed in 
making class-room instruction familiar. 

5. Mention a few of the axioms that are to be 
found in the writings or teachings of leading educa- 
tional reformers. 

6. What is the proper place of the text-book in 
the class-room, and by what methods is its use to be 
supplemented by the teacher ? 

7. What is the value of repetition in teaching, and 
by what rule or rules is its employment to be limited ? 



SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Should a School be managed with the primary 
object of following a strict course of study and mak- 
ing a strong institution, or giving individual pupils 
th'e best chance for themselves ? 

2. How would you arrange the pupils of an un- 
graded school into classes ? 

3. What subjects would you advise an ordinary 
boy or girl of fourteen years of age, in a winter 
school, to study ? 

4. What faculties of the mind would you design 
to exercise in the study of Geography ? What other 
result than such exercise would you expect ? 

5. What time, as compared to that allotted to 
Arithmetic, would you give to the highest class in 
Reading ? 

6. What School work would you give with special 
reference to forming and fixing the habit of writing 
correct English ? 

7. Would you consider it worth while to give any 
attention to incorrect habits of speech ? If so, what 
would you do? 

8. What objects would you design to secure by 
recitations ? 



*xnu THIRD STA.TE EXAMINATION, 

9. What would guide you in assigning lessons to 
a class ? 

10. What would you do if your class should have 
as many different text-books in Arithmetic as there 
are pupils ? 

11. Do you approve of School Exhibitions ? If so, 
what g^ood results would you expect from them ? If 
not, what objections to them do you make ? 

12. What are the Teacher's duties, if any, at recess 
^nd at dismissal ? 

13. What has the Teacher to do with the " man- 
ners" of his pupils? 

14. How would you deal with lying, or any other 
form of deception ? 

15. What would you do with a pupil who occa- 
sionally neglects his lessons ? With one who habitu- 
ally does so ? 

16. What habits, useful in future life, would you 
wish all school exercises to assist in forming ? 

17. What would determine you whether or not 
to open or close school with any form of religious 
service ? 

18. Would you have a code of rules and regula- 
tions in any school ? Why ? 

19. Of what do you suppose authority, or '* gov- 
ernment," in school to consist? 

20. If you are Principal of a school, what are your 
duties as such to your Assistants ? If you are an 
Assistant, what are your duties as such to your 
Principal ? 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. State the different systems of school supervision 
which have been successively adopted, and describe 

+Vint, nnxr ni onpratinn 



that now in operation. 



ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, Zi, Itll. xxl^ 

2. In what year was the present Free School Act 
passed, and when did it go into operation ? 

3. What pupils are entitled to free tuition? 

4. State the legal requirements to entitle a district 
to participate in the regular annual apportionment of 
school moneys. 

5. When and where must the annual school meet- 
ing in each district be held ? 

6. May trustees disregard the vote of a district 
meeting limiting the choice of teachers, their salary 
and term of service ? 

7. Is a school district liable for the wages of an 
unlicensed teacher; may the public moneys.be paid, 
and can a district tax be enforced for such a purpose ? 

8. How shall the trustees pay the wages of a 
Hcensed teacher, which are due, without the vote of 
a district meeting ? 

9. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the 
attendance of pupils, the course of study, the selec- 
tion of text-books, and the general management of 
the school ? 

10. Who are authorized to Ucense teachers, and 
what is the extent of their powers, respectively ? 

11. What legal evidence of qualification must a- 
teacher of public schools possess ? 

12. W^hat is the legal provision for the attendance 
of teachers upon the teachers' institute of their 
county, during term time ? 



XIX 



FOURTH STATE EXAMINATIO^T, 



Fourth Examination for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously, Dec. 20, 21, 1877, at 

The Eight State Normal Schools and at the New 
York City Normal College. 

Eleven Successful Candidates : 

At Albany. 

Frank S. Hotaling, Albany, Albany Co. 

Hugh Kelso, Stuyvesant, Columbia Co. 
At Cortland. 

Charles Melville Bean, McGrrawville, Cortland 
Co. 

George V. Chapin, Chapinville, Ontario Co. 

Henry Homer Hutton, Waverly, Tioga Co. 
At Fredonia. 

Agnes S. Brown, Versailles, Cattaraugus Ca 
At New York City. 

Neely Anderson, Brooklyn, Kings Co 

James S. Eaton, Chester, Orange Co. 

J. H. Haaren, New York City. 

William S, Pelletreau, Southampton, Suffolk Oa 

Mary W. Plumer, New York City. 



ARITHMETIC— Two Hours. 

1. Multiply 876 by 429 and explain the operation. 

2. Derive rule for multiplication of common frac- 
tions. 

3. Reduce |, |, .13, 1.7 to equivalent fractiona 
having the common denominator 33. 

4. How does adding the same number to both 
terms of a proper fraction affect its value ? 

5. Divide .04 bv .0002 and explain the operation. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxl 

6. Reduce the circulating decimal .0486 to a com- 
mon fraction. 

7. New York is in latitude 40" 42' N., longitude 
74" W. : the city of Mexico is in latitude 19" 25' 
N., longitude 103° 45' W. : when it is 11 a. m. at 
New York, what is it at Mexico ? 

8. Prove, "In any proportion the product of the 
extremes is equal to the product of the means." 

9. f per cent, of ^ is what per cent, of 100 ? 

10. What are " days of grace," and on what are 
they allowed in the State of New York ? 

11. 5 per cent, bonds are bought at 90 per cent, 
what is the rate. of income on the investment? 

12. What is the value in gold of the currency 
dollar, when gold is at 105 per cent. ? 

13. When gold is at 103 per cent, and exchange 
at 485, what is the cost, in currency, at New York, 
of a Bill of Exchange on London for £50 ? 

14. Derive rule for extracting the cubic root of 
integers. 

15. What is the "Metric System," and what are 
its peculiar merits ? 

16. Name its principal units and tell their uses. 



ALGEBRA— Two Hours. 

1. Q-ive the laws for coefficients, exponents, and 
signs in multiplication, and give your method of ex- 
plaining law of signs, with illustrations. 

2. Grive principles used in j&nding greatest common 
divisor, when the quantities are not easily factored, 
and find the greatest common divisor of 6a;' +a;' — 
44ir + 21 and 6a;'— 26x' + 46x— 42. 

3. Explain the force of zero used as an exponent, 
and determine value of a". 



X2211 FOURTH STA TE EXAMINA TION, 

4. Find the value of x in the equation 

a + a? c — X a 

and give reason for each transformation. 

5. Give two methods of ehmination in equations 
of two or more unknown quantities, illustrate each 
with example, and explain steps. 

6. Divide {ax'^)^hj {xy)^, and explain the opera- 
tion. 

7. "Complete the square" (without clearing of 

4a;' 8a: 20 
fractions) in the equation, -7q + j^=-^ and explain 

operation. 

8. Find the values of x and y in the proportions, 

x'.y::x-\-y:4:2 
x\ y:: x — y: 6 

9. Find the values of x and y in the equations, 

\ x+ Vxy=.a / 

( 2/+ '^^=^ ) 

10. Derive the formula for finding the last term 
of a Q-eometrical Progression. 



PLANE GEOMETRY— One Hour and a IIalp. 

1. To what class of subjects does Geometry be- 
long? State the object contemplated by the class, 
and show how Geometry differs from the other 
branches as to object-matter. 

2. Construct an equilateral triangle whose altitude 
shall be equal to the line : . 

3. B H is drawn bisecting the exterior angle C B G 
of the triangle ABC. B D is drawn bisecting the 
angle ABC and meeting A C at D. D K is drawn 
parallel to A B, cutting B C at E and meeting B H 
at K ; show that D E is equal to E K. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 30, 21, 1877. xxxIU 

4. Which term: equal, equivalent, or similar, im- 
plies the most respecting two figures ? What prop- 
erty impHed by this term ; not implied (a) by the 
first of the other two ? Q>) by the second ? 

5. Mention four hypotheses regarding two linea, 
from which they can be proved parallel. 

6. Two triangles have their homologous sides pro- 
portional: show that they are similar. 

7. Indicate the steps which you would ordinarily 
take in the solution of a geometrical problem. 

8. Within a given circle inscribe a regular decagon. 



C^SAR DE BELLO aALLICO— One Hour 
AND A Half. 

How much Latin have you read ? 

I. Translate into English : 

Quibus rebus cognitis quum ad has suspiciones cer- 
tissimre res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum 
Helvetios transduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dan- 
dos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo injussu suo et 
civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecissit, quod a 
magistratu JSduorum accusaretur: satis esse causae 
arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret, 
aut civitatem animadvertere juberet His omnibus 
rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris sum- 
mum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se 
voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantam 
cognoverat : nam, ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum 
ofienderet, verebatur Itaque priusquam quidquam 
conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet et, quotidi- 
anis interpretibus remotis, per Caium Valerium Pro- 
cillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, 
cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo 
coUoquitur : simul commonefacit, quae ipso praesente 
in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et os- 
tendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit: 



xxxly FO UE TH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 

petit atque hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi veJ 
ipse de eo, causa cognita, statuat, vel civitatem stat- 
uere jubeat. 

1. Analyze the first sentence by any system you 
know. 

2. Decline (a) the first five nouns, (&) the first 
three pronouns, (c) the first two adjectives. 

3. G-ive the principal parts of the first five verba, 
and explain their formation. 

4. Give a complete synopsis of any verb in the 
extract. 

5. Analyze the first ten verbs into stem, tense- 
sign, etc. 

6. Give the laws for euphonic changes in Latin as 
far as you can, and illustrate each law by an appro- 
priate example. 

7. What is the expression quibus rebus cognitis 
called ? How many forms are there for such con- 
structions in Latin? In what ways may such ex- 
pressions be best rendered into English ? 

8. Give the office of each subordinate clause after 
the first sentence. Give the use of quum and the 
modes and tenses used in each instance. 

9. Name the clauses in the extract that express 
purpose. 

10. What conjunctions are used to introduce 
ciauses expressing purpose ? 

11. Give and illustrate the various ways in which 
purpose is expressed in Latin. 

12. What other uses has ut besides that of ex- 
pressing purpose? Illustrate these uses by Latin 
sentences. 

13. Give an explanation or rule for all the sub- 
junctive forms in the selection. 

14. Give definite rules for rendering the Latin 
subjunctive into idiomatic English. 

15. Name the classes of verbs that require (a) an 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. XXX? 

ut clause as an object, (6) an infinitive with a subject 
accusative as an object. 

II. IG. Render into Latin : 

(1) Cicero, the orator, was a great man. 
#(2) Cicero ordered Catiline to go into exile (ire in 
txilium). 

(3) They praised him on account of his bravery. 

(4) After the general was kiUed, I came to the 
city. 



G-EOaRAPHY— One Hour, 

1. What do you understand by Mathematical 
Geography ? 

2. What by Physical Geography ? 

3. What by Political Geography ? 

4. What by Descriptive Geography ? 

5. What by Local Geography ? 

G. How many States in the United States ? Name 
them. Group them into divisions, as ordinarily given. 

7. Name all of the Territories in the United 
States. 

8. Name the " great lakes " which are between 
the United States and the Canadas. 

9. Which is the largest City in the United States? 
State its population, describe its location, and tell for 
what it is noted. 

10. Name tlie River Systems of North America^ 
and state the portions of country drained by each. 

11. Name the Mountain Systems of Asia. 

12. Name the countries of Europe which are now 
(Dec, 1877,) engaged in war, and also those which 
are especially interested in the results of the war, 
giving reasons for the answers submitted. 

(a) How much time should each pupil spend upon 

the subject of Geography in a common school course ? 

(fc) What pieces of apparatus, as maps, etc., da 



xxxvl FO UB TU ST A TE EXAMJNA TION^ 

you consider essential for the school-room when 
teaching Geography ? 

(c) State the general divisions which you are ac- 
customed to make of Geography, when presenting 
the subject. 

id) State the general plan which you follow when 
teaching advanced classes in Geography. 

(e) How do you begin the subject of Geography 
with primary classes ? Mention the successive steps 
in the subject-matter, and in the mode of presenting 
it Outline the first year's course for the pupils. 



GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS— Two Hours. 

1. Define verb and participle, and state the differ- 
ence. 

2. Define voice. 

3. Do intransitive verbs have voice ? 

4. How is the passive voice formed ? 

5. What do you say of the verb to he with respect 
to voice ? 

6. Write a sentence whose predicate is composed 
of a copula and attribute. 

7. Write a sentence whose verb is a copulative 
verb. 

8. Write a sentence whose verb is attributive. 

9. Is the verb to he ever an attributive verb ? If 
60, write a sentence containing it. 

10. Is the verb in the sentence the lesson has heen 
learned, transitive? Explain. 

11. Give all the forms you know of the first per- 
son singular, indicative mode, present perfect tense, 
of the verb strike. 

12. Write a sentence containing a verb in the im- 
perative mode, passive voice. 

13. Write all the tenses of the infinitive mode, in 
both voices, of the verb lead. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxvll 

14. In what mode is the phrase, if I should be 
there? 

15. In what mode is the sentence, perhaps^ I shall 
gof 

IG. What tense should you call the verb in the 
sentence, I am going to-morrow ? What tense is it, 
really ? 

17. What does the sentence, if I had a dollar ^ 1 
would give it to you, mean as to (1) having a dollar 
and as to (2) giving it to you ? 

18. The same with the sentence, if /have a dollar, 
I will give it to you. 

19. Distinguish between regular and irregular 
verbs. 

20. Is the verb, to hear, regular or irregular ? 

21. Which are the auxihary verbs? 

22. Have they any tenses of their own? if so 
what? 

23. Are they ever used as principal verbs ? if so, 
write sentences to show this use. 

24. In parsing or analyzing, how do you dispose 
of ought and to go, in the sentence I ought to gof 

25. How is the manner of action or being ex- 
pressed ? 

(1) " To these gifts of nature Napoleon added the 
advantage of having been born to a private and 
humble fortune. (2) In his later days he had the 
weakness of wishing to add to his crown and badges 
the prescription of aristocracy; but he knew his 
debt to his austere education, and made no secret of 
his contempt for born kings." 

26. Describe each sentence as a whole, giving 
propositions with connectives. 

27. Mention, in order, the verbs in the extract, 
giving the voice, mode and tense of each. 

28. Mention the participial nouns and their coa- 
•truction. 



xxxviil FO UR TH STA TE EXAMINA TIOJ^, 

29. Give the direct objects of the verbs and parti- 
ciples. 

30. Give the indirect objects. 

31. In (1) parse ihese and private. 

32. In (2) parse the first his and horn. 

33. What does in his later days modify ? 

34. What weakness is the weakness ? 

35. Give construction of to add. 

" I fear thee, ancient mariner : 
I fear thy skinny hand ; 
And thou art long and lank and brown 
As is the ribbed sea-sand." 

36. Analyze the above. 

37. Between what two objects is a comparisoii 
made in the third and fourth lines, and in respect to 
what? 

38. There is an elhpsis in the last Una ; supply it 
in full 

39. Parse mariner. 

40. Parse as. 

" I long for household voices gone ; 
For vanished smiles I long ; 
But God hath led my dear ones on, 
And He can do no wrong." 

41. Analyze the above without separating complex 
■abordinate elements. 

42. Parse /or in the second line. 

43. Parse hath led. 

44. Expand gone into a subordinate clause. 

45. Analyze the following, not separating complex 
tubordinate elements : 

" For I have learned 
To look on Nature, not as in the hour 
Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes 
The stiU sad music of humanity ; 
Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power^ 
To chasten and subdue." 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxil 

ENGLISH COMPOSITION— One Hour. 

1. Give the general rules for the use of capital 
letters, with appropriate illustrations. 

2. Give the general rules for the punctuation of 
sentences, with appropriate illustrations. 

3. Copy the following extract, punctuate it prop- 
erly, and correct any mistakes in either punctuation 
or capitals : 

** Early one morning they came to the Estate of a 
wealthy farmer they found him standing before the 
stable ; and heard as they dreAV near that he was 
scolding one of his men because he had left the 
ropes, with which they tied their horses in the rain 
all night, instead of putting them away in a dry 
place Ah We shall get very httle here said one to 
the other that man is very close we will at least try 
said another And they approached." 

4. Combine the following groups of statements 
into one simple or complex sentence. Give more 
than one form for each. State which form you pre- 
U and why you prefer it. 

(a) Sugar is a sweet crystaUized substance. It is 
obtained from the juice of the sugar cane. 

The sugar cane is a reed-hke plant growing in 
most hot climates. 

It is supposed to be originally a native of the East. 

(J) In the Olympic games, the only reward was a 
wreath of wild olive. 

The Olympic games were regarded as the most 
honorable contests. 

They were so regarded because they were sacred 
to Jupiter. 

They were so regarded, also, because they were 
instituted by the early Greek heroes. 

5. Change the following expressions from thr 
oommon to the rhetorical style : 



FOURTH STATE EXAMINATION, 



(o) Diana of the Ephesians is great. 

(6) Thy dying eyes were closed by foreign hands. 

(c) They climb the distant mountain slowly and 
sadly, and read their doom in the setting sun. 

(cf) I shall attempt neither to pallitate nor to deny 
the crime of being a young man. 

6. Write, in proper form, a letter making applica- 
tion for a position as a teacher in a union school, and 
give proper references. 

7. Write a composition of not more than three 
hundred words upon " Curiosity," and give, also, the 
analytical outline upon which your composition is 
written. 

READING— One Hour. 

1. Name the different methods by which a child 
entirely unacquainted with reading may be taught 
it. Which of these methods do you prefer, and 
why? 

2. Name such physical rules as you think should 
be observed while reading. State the physical con- 
sequences of violating them. 

3. Give a tabular view of the classes and sub- 
classes of the elementery sounds of the EngHsh 
language. Define the great classes. 

4. Define phonic spelling. State its advantages. 
Mark according to Webster or Worcester the follow- 
ing words for pronunciation : — Christmas, tuneful, 
com, coohng. 

6. Give the different ways of emphasizing words. 
Name the various inflections. Give examples of 
each with appropriate marks. 

6. What directions would you give classes with 
regard to marks of punctuation in reading ? 

7. Give, in the order you would put them, ten 
questions which you would ask pupils who were to 



STA TE NOHMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xl 

read Warren's Address, p. 128, Randall's Reading 
and Elocution. 

8. Carefully look over the selection entitled, " Re- 
marks on Reading," found on p. 374, Randall's Read- 
ing and Elocution, and answer the following ques- 
tions based on the selection : 

Meaning of the words, pendant, philosopher, accea- 
Mory ? 

What is the end to which all studies may point? 

Meaning of subservient ? 

What evil efiects may arise from too long applica- 
tion of the mind to one subject ? Why ? 

State the effects of dividing the attention between 
many subjects. Why? 

What general advice on reading may be given to 
♦very one? 

UNITED STATES HISTORY— One Hour. 

1. What country did Columbus expect to find by 
sailing west from Europe ? 

2. Why were the inhabitants called Indians? 

3. Why was the country called America ? 

4. Did Columbus land upon or see the main land 
of North America ? 

5. Mention one discoverer from each of these na- 
tions : English, Spanisli, French, Portuguese, and his 
principal discovery. 

6. By what right did European nations claim dif- 
ferent parts of the country ? 

7. What were the principal colonizing nations, ano 
what part of the country (Hd each settle ? 

8. What made the Indians hostile to the settlerp / 

9. What was the point of contest in the Frenuh 
and Indians wars ? 

10. How many were there, and by what mines 
we thej called ? 



XIU FO UR TH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 

11. By what treaty was the last settled? 

12. What division of territory was made ? 

13. Why did the Indians fight in this war ? On 
which side ? 

14. How was the country governed before the 
revolution ? 

15. How was it governed during the revolution ? 

16. How was it governed immediately after the 
revolution ? 

17. How is it now governed? 

18. What was the population of the colonies at 
the time of the revolution ? 

19. What were the original States ? 

20. What battles were fought before the Declara- 
tion of Independence was made ? 

21. What four battles do you regard as most im- 
portant, and why ? 

22. Who were the British commanders-in-chief 
during the war ? 

23. What important battles did the Americana 
lose? 

24. By what treaty was the war ended ? 

25. The most important points in that treaty ? 

26. What were the boundaries granted to the 
United States ? 

27. Mention the first ten Presidents in order, with 
length of service, and State in which each lived. 

28. Menton the first three new States. 

29. What was the " era of good feeling," and who 
was President at the time ? 

30. What purchases of territory have been made? 

31. Who were the parties in the civil war ? 

32. What was the point in contest ? 

33. What States seceded ? 

34. How was the war ended ? 

35 How were the p^aves emancipated f 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. SO, 21, 1877. xlll» 

WRITING— Half an Hour. 

1. What system have you adopted ? 

2. Give the Elements of the small letters; the 
capitals. Name them, 

3. How do you classify them ? 

4. How do you secure a proper way of holding 
the pen ? 

5. How do you secure accuracy in writing the 
elementary forms, and uniform progress ? 

6. On what principle do you classify the small 
letters ? And write the letters of each class. 

7. On what principle do you classify the capitals ? 
Also write the letters of each class. 

8. How do you conduct a recitation in writing ? 

9. How do you secure legibiUty? How does it 
rank in importance ? 

10. How do you secure rapidity ? How does it 
rank with legibility ? 



METHODS— One Hour and a Half. 

1. Name the faculties of the mind. Which of 
these is the most active in childhood ? 

2. In view of this, what should characterize the 
teaching of young children ? 

3. In teaching, what help should the teacher give 
his pupils? Why? 

4. State fully the character of the questions tha 
should be used in teaching. 

5. In teaching, which should precede, ideas or their 
expression ? Why ? 

G. Apply this in teaching ideas of fractions to 
young children. 

7. Apply the same in teaching the spelling of the 
following words : "smi7in^," ^^cylindrical." 

8. Define object. Define objective teaching. 



xilT FO UR TH ST A TE EXAMIXA TION, 

9. Through what medium do we gain knowledge 
of external objects ? Tlirough what medium do we 
communicate our knowledge thus gained? What 
application would you make of this in teaching ? 

10. How should the variety of subjects taught in 
a primary school compare with the variety taught in 
a more advanced school ? Why ? 

11. What are the hest aids to memory ? 

12. What use should be made of text books in 
teaching natural sciences ? 

13. State your reasons for having pupils preparing 
to teach, study methods of teaching ? 

14. What do you understand by philosophy of edu- 
cation ? 

15. Describe the method by which a mental image, 
idea or conception of an object never seen is formed 
in the mind, and discuss the relation of this princi- 
ple to the teaching of geography and history in par- 
ticular, and to teaching in general. 

16. Discuss briefly the connection between the 
power to use language, and a knowledge of the 
science of language. 

17. What conditions of age and power to think 
do you consider necessary that a pupil may pursue 
the study of the science of language efficiently t 

18. Which should precede, rules, definitions and 
classifications, or a knowledge of processes and con- 
crete particulars ? Why ? 



SCHOOL ECONOMY— One Hour and a Half. 

1. State, in their order, the steps you would take 
in organizing, 

(a) A district school with no assistant teachers. 

(h) A village school in which you would have 
three assistant teachers. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 18T7. xlv 

2. State what you consider to be the difference 
between a graded and an ungraded school. 

3. Name all the parties that must be regarded in 
the government of a public school, and state the re- 
lation of each party to the others. 

4. What use would you make of oral or written 
examinations, and how would you conduct each ? 

5. Give in outhne your plan of government, stating 
m particular : 

(a) The general principles by which you are 
guided, 

ih) Your method of managing whispering. 

(c) Your method of detecting and correcting any 
kind of offense. 

6. Give your views on self reporting, stating your 
reason for adopting or rejecting this plan, in part or 
in whole, in governing your school 



Fifth Examination for State Certificates, 

Albany, July 16, 17, 1878 

EXAMINERS: 

Prin. James L. Bothwell, School No. 14, Albany. 

Prof. M. L. Deyo, Albany Academy. 

Prof. Joseph St. John, Albany State Normal School. 

Seventeen Candidates Entered — Eleven Suc- 
cessful : 

Charles Birdsall, Lloyd, Ulster Co. 
Mary C. Chesbro, Vermilion, Oswego Co. 
Sylvester Gardner, Fayetteville, Onondaga Ca 
Burr Lewis, Lockport, Niagara Co. 
Levi N. Mogg, Marcellus, Onondasra Co. 



xlvl FIFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 

Hambly p. Orchard, Oyster Bay, Queens Co. 

W. W. St. John, Rose, Wayne Co. 

Annie M. Spence, Saratoga Springs, 

Mary Trumbull, Sandy Hill, Washington Co. 

W. E. Whitbeck, West Troy, Albany Co. 

Homer A. Wilcox, Mount Vernon, Westchester Ca 



ARITHMETIC— One Hour. 

1. Define, (a) Prime Number, (h) Compound 
Number, (c) Ratio, (d) Bank Discount. 

2. What factors must the Greatest Common Divi- 
sor of two or more numbers contain ? 

3. A can do a piece of work in 3 days ; B in 4 
•days ; C in 7 days. In what time will they do it all 
working together ? 

4. The sum of two numbers is 21\] their differ- 
ence is 7^, what are the numbers ? 

5. Explain why you invert the divisor in Division 
of fractions. 

6. Reduce to a simple decimal .05^^^. 

7. Washington is 77" 2' West, New Orleans is 89* 
2' West ; when it is 9 a. m. at New Orleans, what is 
the time at Washington ? 

8. If 40 men can perform a piece of work in 12 
days, how many men will perform another piece of 
work three times as large in one-fifth of the time ? 
{Solve by proportion.) 

9. A grocer purchased a lot of teas, on which he 
lost 16 per cent, by selling them for $4200. What 
<iid he pay ? 

10. What is the interest of $45.00 for 12 years, 
27 days, at 6| per cent. ? 

11. Bought land for $10.00 an acre; what must I 
ask for it if I abate 10 per cent, and still make 20 
per cent, on the purchase money ? 

12. Which will yield the larger profit : 8 per cent. 



ALB AN r, JULY 16, 17, 1878. xlvU 

Block at a premium of 20 per cent, or 5 per cent, 
stock at a discount of 20 per cent. 

13. The length of a ladder which will reach from 
the middle of a street 80 feet wide to the eaves of a 
house is 50 feet, what is the height of the house ? 

14. Required the Bank Discount on $200 for 30 
days at 7 per cent. 

15. Give the table for Cubic Measure. 

16. How many cubic inches in a wine gallon? 

17. What is a Greometrical Progression ? 

18. ' 4/81.729. 

19. (4)' + a)='=what? 

20. How many bushels of grain will a bin hold 
that is 8 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft. ? 



ALGEBRA— One Hour. 

1. Define, (a) Algebra, (&) Equation, (c) Radical 
quantity, (d) Polynomial. 

2. Factored'— 1. 

3. Find the Greatest Common divisor of 3a'6— 
9a'c — ISd'mz, and b'^c — Sbc"^ — Qbcmz. 

4. Show that a" = 1. 

llx— SO 8x— 5 

5. Given = 0. to final x. 

6 15 

6. (x+yY expand by Newton's Binomial Theorem. 

7. Explain the method of completing the square 
and finding the roots of an effected quadratic equa- 
tion. 

8. Show how you may construct a quadrativ! equa- 
tion when its two roots are given. 

9. Given Vx +2a= V2a+ Vx—2a, to fina! an. 

10. Divide V\ by " y^. 



rlvUl FIFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOK, 

GEOMETRY— One Hour. 

1. Define, (a) Geometry, (6) Polygon, (c) Parallel- 
ogram, {d) Trapezoid, (e) Similar Polygons. 

2. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of any 
plane triangle is equal to two right angles. 

3. Prove that the square on the hypothenuse of any 
right angled triangle is equivalent to the sum of the 
squares on the other two sides. 

4. Draw a tangent line to a circle from a given 
point without the circle. 

5. What is the area of a circle having a radius of 
six feet ? 

LATIN— One Hour. 

1. Give a literal translation of the fourteenth 
chapter, book first, of Caesar's Commentaries. 

2. Parse dari, the tenth Word in the chapter. 

3. DecUne eo, the fifth word in the chapter, and 
give the construction. 

4. Give the principal parts of the first six verbs in 
the chapter, and tell where each is found. 

5. Tell briefly what you know about Caesar. 

6. Translate into Latin : — I came to the city. 



GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 

1. What authority have we for saying that the 
earth is flattened at the Poles ? 

2. Why are latitude and longitude marked in de- 
grees instead of miles ? 

3. The Polar Circles mark the limits of what, be- 
side the Zones ? 

4. What beside the limit of Zones is marked by 
the Tropics? 



ALBANY, JULY 16, 17, 1878. xllx 

5. Name the Grand Divisions crossed by the Tropic 
Jt Cancer. 

6, Which has the longest day now, Albany or 
Quebec ? 

7-8. Grive the latitude and the longitude of the 
geographical centre of the Western Hemisphere. 

9-10*. What are the " Trade Winds " and how are 
they caused ? 

11. How many cities in New York? 

12. Name the five largest cities in New York. 

13. Bound New York. 

14. To what river-systems do the rivers in New 
York belong ? 

15. Name the four largest cities in the United 
States. 

16. What are the two principal minerals found in 
New York ? 

17. Name the highest peak of the Alleghany 
Mountains. 

18. Which is the largest of the Western States ? 

19. Name the largest sugar market in the world. 

20. Name the four largest cities in the Southern 
States. 

21-22. What are " Sea Breezes," and how are they 
caused ? 

23. In whiph Zone are volcanoes most numerous ? 

24-30. Locate, accurately, the following, viz. ; 
Pensacola, Milwaukee, Belfast, Berlin, Canton, Ade- 
laide and Trieste. 

31. What season is it now in Rio Janeiro? 

32. Describe the Amazon River. 

33. Why is the climate in Western Europe milder 
than it is in the same latitude in North America ? 

34. Where is Lapland ? 

35. What mountains between France and Italy ? 

36. Name the four largest cities in Europe. 



FIFTH STATE EXAMINATIOX, 



37. What countries in Europe have a republican 
form of government ? 

38. What lake in Africa is crossed by the Equator ? 

39. What possessions has France in Africa? 

40. Name the highest mountain in South America. 



GRAMMAR— One Hour. 

EXERCISE, 

In old times, long, long ago, when Night and Day 
were young and foolish, and had not discovered how 
necessary they were to each other's happiness and 
well-being, they chased each other round the world 
in a state of angry disdain, each thinking that he alo7ie 
was doing good, and, that, therefore, the other, so 
totally unlike himself in all respects, must be doing 
harm, and ought to be got rid of altogether, if possi- 
ble. 

1. About how many words in the English lan- 
guage ? 

2. Which division of Grammar treats of the deri- 
vation of words ? 

3. Give a rule for dividing a word into syllables. 

4. Write the possessive plural of money, penny, 
and talisman. 

5. What adjectives are compared? 

6. What pronouns indicate gender ? 

7. What two distinct offices are performed by the 
relative ? 

8. In the sentence, Whoever is deceived thereby 
is not wise, parse whoever. 

9. When is ought present and when past ? 

10. What parts are called the principal parts of the 
verb, and why are they so called ? 

11. In the sentence. The boy studies, is the verb 
transitive or intransitive ? 

12. Explain the difference in signification between 



ALBANY, JUL Y 16, 17, 1878. U 

these two expressions : If he sees the signal he will 
come : If he see the signal he will come. 

13-15. Give all the participles, active and passive, 
of eat, drink, and break. 

Correct the following, and give the reason for the 
correction : 

16. Virgil has often been compared to Homer. 

17. Have you got a hammer? 

18. She writes very well for a new beginner. 

19. Thou hast protected us and shall we not honor 
you ? 

20. Name the leading proposition in the exercise. 

21. Is the part following disdain grammatically 
connected with the preceding part of the exercise? 
If so, how is it connected ? 

22. How many propositions in the exercise? 

23. Name any infinitive phrase in the exercise, 
and give its syntax. 

24. Make a hst of the transitive verbs in the exer- 
■cise, and write the subject and object of each. 

25. In what gender are Night and Day ? 

26-28. Parse the word each where it occurs in the 
exercise. 

29-40. Parse the italicized words in the exercise. 

HISTORY— One Hour. 

1. Which of the thirteen original colonies were 
settled by the Dutch ? 

2. What territory did England claim on account of 
the discoveries of the Cabots ? 

3. When and where were ihe first settlements 
made in New York? 

4. State the principal cause of the French and 
Indian War. 

5. What territory did England acquire as a result 
of this war ? 



Ill FIFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 

6. In what year were you born, and who was 
President of the U. S. then ? 

7. What was the principal cause of the Revohi- 
tion? 

8. Which was the decisive battle in that war ? 

9. Name two battles in which Washington was- 
victorious. 

10. Name two in which Washington was defeated. 
11-12. Grive a short account of the first and the 

last battle. 

13. What was the first method adopted by the 
United States for raising a revenue ? 

14. When did the constitution of the United 
States go into operation ? 

15. Who was the third President of the United 
States, and where was he inaugurated ? 

16. What was the cause of the second war with 
England ? 

17. Who was President of the United States 
during that war ? 

18. Who led the Americans in the battle of Lun- 
dy's Lane ? 

19. Which was the decisive battle in this war? 

20. Give a short account of the last land battle 
during this war. 

21. What practice was inaugurated by Jackson 
when he became President ? 

22. What was the "Monroe Doctrine?" 

23. What General commanded the Union army at 
the beginning of the RebelHon, and by whom was 
he succeeded ? 

24. Name the respective commanders in the battle 
of Gettysburg ? 

25. Who was President one month? 



ALBANY, JUL Y 16, 17, 1378. IIII 

METHODS AND ECOXOMY— One-half Hottr. 

1-2. In a primary school, on what would you base 
promotions ? On what in a graded school ? 

3. In a graded school would you recommend writ- 
ten examinations as often as once a month ? 

4. If a scholar is indifferent about failures, how 
would you arouse his ambition ? 

5. In assigning a lesson to a class, is it well tc 
consult the class about the length of the lesson ? 

6. State your method of conducting a recitati i 
in reading. 

7. In teaching fractions, percentage, etc., wou \ 
you require general or special rules ? 

8. In our pubhc schools, would you expect scholars 
to complete a subject as they advance, or would you 
expect them to get an elementary knowledge at first 
and then take it more thoroughly when they review ? 

9. Would you give scholars in a primary school 8 
text-book in arithmetic? 

10. In a beginners' class — in arithmetic, grammar, 
geography, etc., — would you commence with a text- 
book, or would you give them oral instruction for 
six months or a year ? 



SCHOOL LAW— One-half Hour. 

1. Can a teacher make up lost time on a legal 
holiday. 

2. Does a teacher's jurisdiction extend beyond the 
school premises ? 

3. Name three things for which a teacher can be 
removed. 

4. Can a teacher legally inflict corporal punish- 
ment? 

5. Is the apportionment of State money to a dis- 
trict based on the aggregate or upon the average at- 
tendance ? 



nv SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. Can a Commissioner annul a State Certificate ? 

7. Can a teacher prescribe the studies that a pupi} 
must take ? 

8. Can a teacher expel a pupil from school ? 

9. If a scholar has been suspended from school for 
bad conduct, how can he be re-instated ? 

10. State the different ways in which a teacher 
can be licensed. 



Sixth Examination for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously, Dec. 19, 20, 1878, at 

The Eight State Normal Schools and at the: 
New York City Normal College. 

Three Successful Candidates: 

At Dunkirk. 

William Harkins. 
At Buffalo. 

Lours B. Parsell. 
At Westfield. 

Elizabeth L. Rickenbrode. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define the following terms : subtraction ; differ- 
ence ; remainder. 

2. Divide 2144 by 32, and explain every step. 

3. Divide 'f by |, analyze the process and deduce a 
rule from it. 

4. Reduce ^, f, .15, 2.91 to equivalent fractions 
whose denominator is 18. 

5. Write as decimals and divide twenty hundred- 
thousandths by two thousand ten-millionths. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 18T8. Iv 

6. A man sawed a pile of wood 40 ft. long, 4 ft. ' 
wide, 51 ft. high, for $1.50 per cord. How much did 
he earn ? 

7. What will be the cost of 35 three-inch plank 22 
ft. long, 16 inches wide, at $17.50 per M? 

8. How many bushels will a bin hold that is 9 ft. 
long, 6 ft. wide, 6 ft. high ? 

9. A note was given Jan. 1, 1870, for $700. The 
following payments were indorsed upon it : May 6, 
1870, $85 ; July 1, 1871, $40 ; Aug. 20, 1871, $100. 
How much was due Jan. 10, 1873, interest at 6 per 
cent. ? 

10. What is the State law regarding usury and 
usurious contracts ? What exceptions are there to 
the operations of this law within the State ? 

11. A merchant sold goods at a gain of 20 per cent. 
If he had purchased them for $60 less than he did, 
his gain would have been 25 per cent. What did the 
goods cost ? 

12. Write a negotiable note for $500.25, due in 3 
mos., making yourself the payee, and James J. Rogers 
the maker, interest at the legal rate. 

13. What will be the bank discount and proceeds of 
the above note if it is discounted at a bank one month 
after it is given ? 

14. What must be the face of a note so that when 
it is discounted at a bank for 3 mos., at 6 per cent., 
the proceeds will be $1,969 ? 

15. At what price must 5 per cent, bonds be 
bought so as to realize 7 per cent, on the investment? 
Explain the solution. 

16. What will be the cost in Buffalo, N. Y., of a 
draft for $1,500 on Cleveland, 0.. payable 90 days 
after date, exchange i per cent, discount ? 

17. Define the terms ratio, proportion, extremes, 
means, and illustrate each by examples. 

18. Solve by proportion, not using cause and effect: 
If I place $1,500 at interest for 18 months, and re- 
ceive $135 interest, what sum must I place at interest 



Ivi SIXTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

at the same rate so that I may receive $275 interest in 
8 months ? 

19. The length of a rectangular field containing 20 
acres is twice its width ; what is the distance around 
it? 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1 . State the difference between single and double 
entry book-keeping. 

2. Name the books usually required in a merchant's 
counting-house. State the purpose for which each is 
used. 

3. State how you would open, conduct and close an 
account. 

4. What is journalizing ? Posting ? A trial bal- 
ance ? A balance sheet ? 

5. Accounts are divided into what two great 
classes ? 

6. Explain the nature of the following accounts : 
Merchandise Account, Interest Account, and Profit 
and Loss Account. 

7. What are Bills Payable ? Bills Receivable ? 
How do you open, conduct, and close a Bills Payable 
Account ? 



ALGEBRA. 

1. How does algebra differ from arithmetic ? 

2. Find the value of — 

i I [a^f:2^xm-d^]-2 (|/-^ +m^-i^) [ 

when a=8, b=6, c=4, d=2, m=3. 

3. When is x"^ ± y" divisible by x + y ? Write four 
terms of the quotient. 

4. Expand (x + y)'" five terms. Write a rule for 
expanding a binomial of the form of x + y. 

5. Demonstrate the law of signs in multiplication. 



STATE MORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ivii 



C. Factor x^-y^ x^-ox-GG; z'^-lSz-lOO. 

7. Illustrate the various transformations of equa- 
tions. 

8. Illustrate and explain two methods of elimina- 
tion. 

9. In the following equations x=3, y=2, z = l. 
Solve and find the values, if possible : 

x+2y-3z= 4 ) 
3x+5v-7z=12 \ 
2x + 3y-4z= 8) 

10. When are equations indeterminate ? Why ? 

11. What is the square root of 1 —2a + Sa^ — 4a ' + 3a* 

-f-2a^'+a'5 ; 11 + 6 V^ ? 

12. Find the values of the unknown quantities in 
the following equations : 

(a)| il%l%=Jtl (b)x'^+3V?r=i4. 

13. From y^STT ^m, take ^-512. 

14. Find the values of x and y in the following 
without completing the square : 

xy=112 
■y' :(x-y)'::31 :3 

2a 



(a) ] 



(b) V^^ |/a + x= 



Va+x. 

15. Solve the following : 

A man could reap a field in 20 hours. With the 
help of his son, for 6 hours, they reaped it in 16 hours. 
How long would it take the son to reap the field ? 

16. Extract the cube root of 13144256, applying 
the formula. 

17. Find the sum of nine terms of the series ^, f, 1.^, 
€tc., and give formultis for finding the sum of such a 
series. 



}viii SIXTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

GEOMETRY. 

1. On what is the science of Geometry founded ? 
Define postulate. 

2. State the conditions under which two triangles 
are equal. Prove that if two triangles have two 
angles and the included side of the one equal to two 
angles and the included side of the other, each to 
each, the triangles will be equal in all their parts. 

3. Construct a triangle, when the altitude, the ver- 
tical angle, and one of the sides are given. 

4. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of 
a parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares of 
the diagonals. 

5. Describe a circle which shall pass through three 
given points not in the same straight line. 

6. Prove that the angle formed by two secants is 
measured by half the difference of the intercepted 
arcs. 

7. Divide a line into any number of equal parts. 

8. Find a mean proportional between two given 
lines. 

9. Prove that equiangular triangles are similar. 

10. Prove that if two chords intersect each other 
they are reciprocally proportioned. 



C^SAR DE BELLO GALLICO. 

Number the answers to correspond with the ques- 
tions. 

State what Latin authors you have studied, and the 
time you have spent in acquiring a knowledge of the 
language. 

1. What are the principal topics of the first book ? 

2. Give your opinion as to the characteristics of the 
author's style. 

3. (Translate.) Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumno- 
rigem, Divitiaci fratrem, designari sentiebat ; sed, 
quod pluribus praesentibus eas res-jactari nolebat, 
celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet ; quaerit 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. lix: 

ex solo ea, quae in eonventu dixerat. Dicit liberius 
atqiie audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis qiiaerit ; re- 
perit esse vera. " Ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa 
audacia, magna apud plebein propter liberalitem 
gratia, cupidum reriim novaruin ; complures annos- 
portoria, reliquaque omnia ^duoriim vectigalia, 
parvo pretio redemta habere, propterea quod illo 
iicente contra liccri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam 
rem familiarem auxisse, et facultates ad largiendum 
magnas comparasse ; magnum numerum equitatus 
suo sumtu semper alere et circum se habere ; neque 
solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largi- 
ter posse ; atque hujus potentice causa matrem irt 
Biturigibus homini illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo, 
coUocasse "; 

4. To whom does solo refer ? 

5. What must be supplied after coUocasse 9 

6. What source of revenue does portoria indicate ? 

7. Compare pluribus, liherius, audacius, summar 
parvo. 

8. Decline ipsum, illo, se, aliis, vectigalia, and 
write the vowel quantities of the last two in the geni- 
tive. 

9. Conjugate sentiebat, nolebat, quaerit, liceri^ 
auxisse. 

10. Give synopsis of nolebat. 

11. Write the rules of syntax ior fratrem, pluribus,. 
audacia, rerum, annos, pretio. 

13. Tell the derivation of the following: fratricide^ 
contagion, fructify, intuition, velocipede. 

13. State and exemplify two uses of the participle 
in dus. 

14. When is the supine in um employed, and with 
what object? 

15. Write sentences illustrating, respectively, sub- 
junctives of purpose, concession, cause, result. 

(Translate.) I have no doubt, he will return to-day^ 
or to-morrow. 



Ix SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

a 
I think that the most pleasant death is to die of old 
age. 

b c 

To enjoy life, there is need of health, books, friends, 
and money. 

fl— jucundus ; i— fruor ; c— valetudo. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What are the principal motions of the eari;h? 
What are the most important effects of each? 

2. Draw a circle to represent the outline of a sphere 
and locate upon it: (a), the Equator ; (6), the Tropics; 
(c), the Polar Circles ; and {d), the Poles. Mark the 
latitude of each. 

3. What is the vernal equinox? When are the 
nights longest at Cape Horn, and where are the sun's 
rays vertical at that time? 

4. What States border on the Great Lakes ? 

5. Name the ten largest cities in the United States. 

6. Locate the following ranges of mountains: (a), 
"Sierra Nevada; (&), Kong ; (c), Balkan; {d), Taurus; 
and (e), Altai. 

7. Locate the following cities: (a), Calcutta; (b), 
'Toronto ; (c), Kars ; (d), Marseilles ; and (e), La Paz. 

8. Name the six leading political powers of Europe. 

9. What form of government predominates in 
America? Europe? Asia? 

10. Which is the most progressive of the Asiatic 
Nations? Describe the characteristics of that people. 
Describe the country. 

11. Define climate. Define isothermal lines. Why 
do not isothermals coincide with parallels of latitude? 

12. What are the trade winds? State their primary 
cause. In what direction do they blow ? 

13. What are tides? What causes them? What 
^re neap tides? 



STA TE NOnMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878, Ixi 

14. Mention three rainless regions. Why are they 
rainless ? 
Where is man best developed? Why? 



PENMANSHIP. 

1. Write, name, and describe the elements of the 
small letters. 

2. Write, name, and describe the elements of the 
capital letters. 

3. Define element, and slant. 

4. Classify the small letters, stating the basis of 
classification. 

5. Classify the capital letters, stating the basis of 
classification. 

6. How would you secure accuracy in writing the 
elementary forms? 

7. Name the requisites of good writing in the order 
of importiince. 

8. How attain these requisites? 

9. What kinds of class-drill would you employ to 
secure ease of movement? 

10. What would you expect pupils to know about 
the letters before teaching them how each should be 
made. 



LINEAR DRAWING. 

1. Define Linear Drawing. 

2. Define the ordinary terms which are found in 
this subject, in beginning the study. 

3. To what branches of study is Linear Drawing 
auxiliary? 

4. What is Inventive Drawing? At what stage in 
the course of Linear Drawing should it be pursued by 
pupils? What are its applications? 

5. Make two designs, using in each three straight 
and two curved lines. 



Ixii SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOJV. 

6. Draw a sketch of a maple, and an oak leaf. 

7. What opportunities for study and practice in 
Linear Drawing have you enjoyed ? 



PERSPECTIVE DRAWING. 

1. Define perspective drawing. 

2. Define : — Point of Sight ; Vanishing Point ; Line 
of the Horizon ; Base, or Ground Line of the Picture; 
Point of Distance. 

3. How many kinds of Perspective Drawing are 
there ? 

4. Describe the principles involved in the case of 
representing the floor of a room in perspectiv^e. 

5. How, in general, do you proceed with what is 
called "inside work" — i. e., sketching the inside of 
rooms ? 

6. Make a sketch, in perspective, of a house, and 
state how you proceed in making such sketch of the 
object. 

7. What opportunities have you had for pursuing 
this branch of study ? 



GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. 

** Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled, 
And still where maiiy a garden flower grows wild ; 
There, where a few torn shrubs the place disclose, 
The village preacher's modest mansion rose. 
A man was he to all the country dear, 
And passing rich on forty pounds a yearJ*^ 

— Goldsmith. 

1. Parse ivhei-e in the three instances in which the 
"word is used above. 

3. Parse still, once, there, and passtyig. 

3. Parse all the italicized words in the above selec- 
tion. 

4. Give the possessive plural of preacher, m>an, 
country, he, and co^ae. 



STATE NOHMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixiil 

5. Make sentences containing the relative pronouns 
as, that, ivho, winch, and tvhat. 

6. What are the particuhirs in which a pronoun, 
must agree with its antecedent ? 

7. Pai"se what in the following sentence : 

" Be ivhat you would seefu.'" 

8. Give the seven personal terminations of English 
verbs. 

9. What is the difference between modal adverbs 
and adverbs of manner ? 

10. Name three auxiliary verbs that are sometimes 
used as principal verbs. 

11. Illustrate three uses of the verb do. 

12. Name three kinds of verbs that require double 
objects, and state the kinds of objects required by each 
of the three. 

13. Write three sentences, each involving a different 
kind of double object. 

14. Write a sentence using three different tenses 
and three different cases. 

15. Write a sentence having two verbs in different 
moods and in different voices. 

' ' You must note that, though the first part of the 
Valley of the Shadow of Death was dangerous, yet 
this second part which he was yet to go, was, if pos- 
sible, far more dangerous : for from the place where 
he now stood to the end of the Valley, the way was all 
along set so full of snares, traps and gins, here, and 
so full of pit-falls, pits, deep holes, and shelvings 
down, there ; that had it been dark, as it was when 
he came the first part of the way, had he had a thou- 
sand souls, they nad in reason been cast away." — 
Bunyan. 

16. Is the above sentence compound or complex ? 

17. Is the word that in both instances used for the 
same purpose in the sentence ? If not, what is the 
difference ? 

18. Write a list of the subordinate clauses found in 
this sentence ; and name the kind and the syntax of 
each of them. 



Ixiv SIXTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

19. Write a list of all the verbs used in the sen- 
tence, naming the class, the voice, and the principal 
parts. 

30. Give the mood of the verb liad in every instance 
of its use in this sentence. 

21. Parse the words dangerous, full, shelvings, down, 
all, part and possible. 

22. Write a list of the connectives found in the 
sentence, and state the class of each connective, 

23. What does in reason modify ? 
'* Vainly the fowler's eye 

Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, 
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, 
Thy figure floats along. " — Bryant. 

24. Analyze the above. 

25. Write a list of the phrases in the above. 

26. Parse as and painted. 

" velvet Bee ! you're a dusty fellow. 

You've powdered your legs with gold. 
0, brave marsh Maiy-buds, rich and yellow, 

Give me your money to hold." 

— Jean Ingelow. 

27. Parse Bee, 0, rich, yellow and to hold, in the 
above. 

28. Analyze both sentences, stating the class of 
each of them. 

29. Mention the direct and the indirect object of 
give, in the last line. 

30. Name the figure in you're and you've. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 

1. Give five rules for using capital letters correctly. 

2. Rewrite the following selection, restoring capi- 
tals and punctuation marks : 

when the cloth was removed a goodly group of 
decanters were set before the mayor who sent them 
forth on their outward voyage full freighted with port 
sherry madeira and claret of which excellent liquors 



STA TE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixv 

methought the latter found least acceptance among 
the guests wlien every man had filled his glass his 
worship stood up and proposed a toast it was of course 
our gracious sovereign or words to that effect and 
immediately a band of musicians whose preliminary 
lootings and thmmmings I had already heard behind 
me struck up god save the queen and the whole com- 
pany arose with one impulse to assist in singing that 
ancient anthem. 

hawthome. 

3. State the difference between a sentence, a para- 
graph, and a discourse. 

4. Recast the following, making of the short sen- 
tences longer ones by combinations, either as com- 
pound or complex sentences. 

You observe a great intellectual movement. It is 
in Europe. The Jews greatly participate in it. The 
first Jesuits were Jews. There is a mysterious Rus- 
sian diplomacy. It alarms the Western nations. It 
is organized chiefly by the Jews. It is carried on by 
the Jews. There is a mighty revolution coming. It 
is preparing in Germany. It will be, in fact, a 
second Reformation. It will be a greater Reforma- 
tion. It is, as yet, little known in England. It is 
developing entirely under the auspices of the Jews. 
They monopolize the professorial chairs of Germany. 

5. Write a composition of fifty words, involving 
adverbial clauses of time, of place, of manner, of 
purpose, and of comparison. 

6. Write a composition of thirty words, involving a 
prepositional phrase, a participial phrase, an infinitive 
phrase, and an absolute phrase. 

7. Transpose into prose order the following lines: 

*'In Zanadu did Hubla Kahn 
A stately pleasure dome decree : 
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran 
Through caverns measureless to man 
Down to a sunless sea." 

— Coleridge, 



Ixvi SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Write a short letter of friendship, with the 
proper superscription and subscription. 

9. Name four things to be observed in the choice of 
words in composition. 

10. Give a general rule for the proper use of the 
colon and the semicolon. 



RHETORIC. 

1. For what end do we study rhetoric ? 

2. What is good English ? 

3. AVhat is a simple sentence ? 

4. What is a compound sentence ? 

5. What is a complex sentence ? 

6. Give an example of each. 

7. What should determine the form of a sentence ? 

8. On what are clearness and strength of expression 
conditioned ? 

9. State advantages resulting from the use of figu- 
rative language. 

10. Give an example of metaphor. 

11. Give an example of simile. 
13. Give an example of antithesis. 

13. When should antithesis be used? 

14. What is style ? 

15. What is the best style ? 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What was the main incentive to maritime dis- 
covery during the Fifteenth Century ? 

2. During which voyage, and in what year did Co- 
lumbus discover the Continent ? 

3. What was the basis of the English claim to 
America ? 

4. Who was in command of the expedition for the 
conquest of Mexico ? With what result ? 

5. What permanent settlements on the Continent 
at the close of the Sixteenth Century ? 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixvii 

6. Name five permanent settlements during the first 
twenty years of the Seventeenth Century. By what 
nation were they established ? 

7. Who were the Puritans ? What impelled them 
to seek a home in America ? 

8. When, and where, was the first college founded 
in America ? 

9. What causes led to the French and Indian war ? 

10. Name five important crises or epochs in the 
settlement and history of America before the Revolu- 
tion. 

11. Name the principal causes of the Revolution. 

12. What important events had taken place in 
America before the Declaration of Independence lead- 
ing to the Revolution ? 

13. Give an account of the most noted victory 
gained by the Colonists in 1777. 

14. For what is Valley Forge memorable ? 

15. What were the main points of contest in the 
second war with England ? 

16. What were the most decisive victories in this 
war ? 

17. What was the Missouri Compromise ? 

18. Name the most important events in Jackson's 
administration. 

19. What causes led to the Mexican war ? Name 
the important battles of this war. 

^ 20. Who gave system and permanency to the na- 
tion's financial administration ? What is the question 
known as the tariff question ? What was the ques- 
tion concerning a national bank ? 



GENERAL HISTORY— ORAL. 

1. Name the Ancient Monarchies, in the order of 
their rise. What authors have written extensively 
upon them ? What can you state of the history of 
each of those Monarchies ? 

2. State what you can about the history of the 



Ixviii SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TWN. 

Feudal Times — what period of history is covered hj 
them — the rise, progress, and decline of Feudalism — 
the apparent causes thereof — in what countries it 
prevailed. 

3. What is meant by the so-called Eastern Question, 
of the present times ? State what you can of its his- 
tory — what nations are immediately concerned in it 
— what phases of it have been lately before the world, 
and what nations engaged in it — and the present state 
of it. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Define the several forms of government knowa 
in history. 

2. In what respects is our own form of government 
preferable to any other ? 

3. Define both State and national government, and 
indicate the relation existing between them. 

4. Name the branches of government in New York 
State. What are the powers of each ? 

5. Name every step in the process of law-making 
in the State. 

6. Explain the organization of our State courts. 

7. Define the powers of the United States Congress. 

8. How is the President of the United States elect- 
ed ? What are his powers and duties ? 

9. In v/hat cases has the Supreme Court of the 
United States jurisdiction ? 

10. What are the personal rights of a citizen of the 
United States ? 



READING. 

1. What is the word method of teaching reading ? 

3. What is the phonic method of teaching reading ? 
What are its advantages and objections ? 

3. Define semi-vowel. Mark, according to Webster 
or Worcester, the vowels in the following words : 
river, turncoat, time, piece, footstool, altar. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixir 



4. Name three or four cases in which the rising in- 
flection is demanded. Illustrate by examples. 

5. Define pure, aspirated, and orotund qualities of 
voice. 

C. What immediate physical preparations should be 
made in order to give orotund quality? To give 
pure quality? To project tone ? To give great force 
to tone ? 

7. Name the steps one should take in preparing to 
read any selection impressively. 

8. State quality, force, rate, pitch, and inflections 
required in reading the following. What should be 
the mental condition in order to read it ? How 
would you attain this condition? 

" Flower in the crannied wall, 

I pluck you out of the crannies ; 

Hold you here, root and all, in my hand, 

Little flower — but if T could understand 

What you are, root and all, and all in all, 

I should know what God and man is." 



LITERATURE. 

1. How is Literature divided as to its form ? Give 
some divisions as to subject. 

2. What are the principal divisions of poetry, and 
the general characteristics of each ? 

3. What is the leading idea of an essay? of an edi- 
torial ? of an oration ? of a poem ? 

4. Mention the most celebrated epic poems and 
their authors. 

5. Mention the most celebrated dramatic authors, 
and tell when they flourished. 

6. Mention some English authors who flourished 
before the time of Elizabeth, and tell what thej 
wrote. 

7. Who wrote the Faerie Queen? Essay on Man? 
The Seasons ? The Task? Gulliver's Travels ? Robin- 



Ixx SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOJST. 

son Crusoe ? Marmion? The Deserted Village ? The 
Brook ? 

8. What did Bunyan write ? Dryden? Hume? Gib- 
bon? Johnson? Sheridan? Macaulay? Lord Jeffreys ? 

9. Who wrote Thanatopsis ? Evangeline ? Snow- 
Bound ? Bitter-Sweet ? The Conquest of Mexico ? 
Knickerbocker's History of New York ? The Spy? 
Gold-Foil ? 

10. Mention five distinguished American orators, 
and as many English. Which of their orations have 
you read ? Give a brief synopsis of any one of them. 

11. What are the main divisions of dramas, and 
what their differences ? 

12. How does an historical drama differ from his- 
tory? 

13. Give titles of Shakespeare's plays, and an out- 
line of some play. 

14. Give a brief synopsis of Paradise Lost. 

15. What else did Milton write ? Who have writ- 
ten criticisms of Milton ? 

16. Mention five English, and as many American 
essayists. Which of their essays have you read ? 

17. What are the staples of fiction ? 

18. Mention three noted English and as many 
American writers of fiction, not now living, and as 
many of each now living. 

19. What did Scott write ? Which of his works 
have you read ? Give an outline of any one of them. 

20. What are the principal forms of periodical 
literature ? 

21. What is a Review ? Magazine ? What are 
the principal ones of each kind now published ? What 
ones do you read ? 

22. What is the value of periodical literature a& 
compared with books ? 

23. What have you read in History ? Biography ? 
Science ? Criticism ? Poetry ? 

24. Quote something from Milton ; from Webster ; 
from Shakespeare ; from Tennyson ; from any other 
three first-rate authors. 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixxl 

25. How would you cultivate a taste for good read- 
ing in your pupils ? 



GENERAL QUESTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Give some of the distinctions between organized 
and unorganized matter, 

2. Trace the food in the process of digestion 
through the different organs, and describe the changes 
it undergoes in each. 

3. Describe the human stomach ; also the stomach 
of an herbivorous animal. 

4. Mention the number, and the classes, and de- 
scribe the structure of the teeth. 

5. Describe the course of the circulation. 

6. How do arteries differ from veins? 

7. How is the temperature of the body maintained? 

8. How is venous blood changed to arterial blood? 



NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 

1. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravi- 
tation and the quantity of matter exerting it. State 
the law. 

2. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravi- 
tation and the distance between the bodies exerting it. 
State the law. 

3. Define specific gravity. Illustrate what is meant 
by it. 

4. Distinguish between the X^vms pitch and intensity 
of sound. 

5. How is light thought to be produced? 

6. Show the difference between reflecting and re- 
fracting telescopes. 

7. ShoM-^ what is meant by Magneto-Electricity. 

8. How is the electric light produced? 

9. What is meant by intensity of electricity, and 
upon what does it depend ? 



bxii SIXTH ST A TE EXAMmA TION. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS IN GEOLOGY AND 
MINERALOGY. 

1. Define Geology, Mineralogy. 

2. Name the Geological Ages. 

3. State briefly the Nebular Hypothesis. 

4. Show how Igneous, Sedementaiy and Metamor- 
phic rocks are formed. 

5. Show what is meant by dip, strike and outcrop 
of rocks. 

6. Name the systems of Crystallization. 

7. What do we mean by saying that the hardness 
of Quartz is 7. 

8. What is Gypsum, Marble, Clay, and Sandstone? 

9. How would you teach a class the elements of 
Geology and Mineralogy ? 



METHODS. 

1. Explain the terms impression and sensation as 
used in Psychology. 

2. Classify the sensations, and show their relation 
to the intellect. 

3. Name the qualities of external objects obtained 
through eye, ear, touch, and muscular sense. What 
is this mode of the mind's action called ? 

4. Define Imagination. Of what use is this power 
in gaining knowledge ? Illustrate. What studies do 
you consider most /aluable in cultivating the imagi- 
nation ? 

5. Illustrate, f uLy, the processes of induction and 
deduction, by reference to some law of nature. 

6. Show the application of the processes of induc- 
tion and deduction lio the teaching of some one mathe- 
matical study, one of the natural sciences, and one 
language study. 

7. Describe your method of teaching pupils how to 
speak and write tha English language correctly and 
fluently. In what grades of schools would you ad- 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixxiii 

vise the. teaching of technical grammar? Give rea- 
sons. 

8. Compare the classics, natural sciences, and ma- 
thematics, as regards their relative value to the masses 
of the people in the knowledge and mental discipline 
they impart. 

9. Give your idea of the proper use of the terms ob- 
jective and subjective, as applied to human thought 
and action. 

10. Show the relation of human needs, rights, and 
duties! What guidance can you obtain from this re- 
lation in the government of a school? 



SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

I. How would you classify an ungraded school? 
3. In such a school how many classes in Reading? 

3. In any public school what subjects might be 
taught as a general exercise? 

4. What should be the opening exercises of a public 
school, if any? The closing exercises? 

5. How many subjects of study should each pupil 
have? 

6. How many hours a day should pupils be required 
to study ? 

7. Should any school have public rhetorical exer- 
cises? If so, what kind of school, and what objects 
should be aimed at in such exercises? 

8. Why and how often should pupils be examined, 
and how would you conduct an examination? 

9. In making record of examinations, would you 
recognize anything but results as shown in the ex- 
amination ? 

10. When should the study of grammar be begun? 

II. What study of language should come before 
this, if any? 

12. When should penmanship be begun? 

13. In what circumstances would you encourage 
the study of Algebra or Philosophy in a mixed school? 



Ixxiv SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

14. Give your views of recesses, their necessity, fre- 
quency, length, and how far the teacher should con- 
trol them. 

15. Are calisthenic exercises desirable in a graded 
school? Are they in a country school? For what 
purpose? 

16. For what purposes would you desire order in a 
school? What would be your model of discipline? 

17. IIow would you endeavor to create an interest 
in a subject which seems uninteresting to a clags? 

18. What objects would you endeavor to secure by 
recitations? 

19. Would you keep records of recitations? Of 
conduct? What use would you make of them ? 

20. How would you deal with tardiness in a country 
school? How in a village school? 

21. Would you make a code of rules for a school? 
Give reasons for your answer. 

22. How would you endeavor to secure the good-will 
of pupils? 

23. In what respects is the example of a teacher 
necessary? 

24. What mode of punishment would you use, if 
any, and for what sort of offenses? 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Name the orders of supervising officers con- 
nected with the school system of the State, and indi- 
cate 

(a.) The method of appointing or electing each. 
(&.) The general duties of each. 

2. Name the classes of schools under the direction 
of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

3. State wherein a Union School differs from 
(a.) An academy. 

(&.) A district school, 
(c.) A high school. 



PL A TTSB UR Gil, ETC. , JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxv 

4. Name the powers of trustees regarding 
(a.) The employment of teachers. 

(J.) The general management of the school under 
their charge. 

5. Name each source in the school system of the 
State from which a license to teach may emanate, 
and indicate 

(a.) The conditions on which each kind of license- 
is granted. 

(b.) The length of time each kind of license remains; 
in force. 

ic.) The causes for which a license maybe annulled. 

6. State the difference between the powers vested 
in the trustee or trustees of a district school and 
those vested in the Board of Education of a union 
school. 

7. State the course that must be pursued 
(a.) To form a new district. 

(&.) To consolidate two or more districts, 
(c.) To dissolve a district. 



Seventh Examination for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously, July 22, 23, 1879, at 

Plattsburgh, Albany, Brooklyn, Binghamton,. 
Elmira, Buffalo, Syracuse and Watertown. 

Thirty Successful Candidates. 

At Plattsburgh. 

S. H. McIntyre, Peru. 

Mary E. Marshall, Plattsburgh. 

B. Walter Severance, Willsborough. 

M. Kate Sperry, Plattsburgh. 
At Albany. 

J. H. A. Fitch, New York City. 

Peter E. Tarpey, Fort Montgomery. 



Ixxvi SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOIH. 

At Brooklyn. 

Watson S. Allen, Matteawan. 

Alonzo a. Ashman, East New York. 

James F. Carrier, Brookhn. 

Olivia Connor, Scotchtown. 

Florence E. French, Sag Harbor. 

Mary S. Mills, Port Byron. 

Charles A. O'Reilly, Brooklyn. 

Edward B. Shaw, Greenport. 

George F. Stackpole, Riverhead. 

Peter L. Wall, Brooklyn. 

Isaac E. Young, Westchester. 
At Binghamton. 

Henry L. Fowler, Binghamton. 

Fanny Webster, Binghamton. 
At Elmira. 

Henry Hurd Roberts, Rock Stream. 

Helen M. Searles, Addison. 
At Buffalo. 

William E. Prentice, Batavia. 

Henry 0. Sibley, Royalton. 
At Syracuse. 

A. Edgar Allen, Manlius. 

Charles E. Allen, Marion. 

Lyman B. Blakeman, Brookfleld. 

Mary A. Cawfield, Geneva. 

John D. Wilson, Manlius. 
At Watertown. 

John A. Burns, Redwood. 

Charles D. Larkins, Adams. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. What must a pupil know that he may read large 
numbers readily ? 

2. When are concrete numbers denominate ? 

3. Find the G. C. D. of 52 and 91 by continued 
division, and show that the last divisor is the G. C. D. 

4. Divide § by -i\, and explain the operation. 



PL A TTSB URGH, ETC., JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxvii 

5. Divide .0039 by 1300. 

6. What will it cost to slate a roof 44 ft. by 63 ft., 
at $3.80 per square of 100 ft. ? (Give full analysis.) 

7. Find the difference between the true discount 
and the bank discount of $525 for 60 days at six per 
cent. 

8. If 82 men build a wall 36 feet long, 8 feet high, 
and 4 feet thick, in 4 days, in how many days will 48 
men build a wall 864 feet long, 6 feet high, and 3 feet 
thick ? (Solve by proportion.) 

9. In the metric system : 

{a.) What is the unit of linear measure ? 
(b.) What is its length in inches ? 



ALGEBRA. 

1. In what respects does Algebra differ from Arith- 
metic ? 

2. Define the terms binomial, coefficient, equation. 

3. State the law in relation to the signs plus and 
minus in multiplication and division. 

4. Divide 15 a^ b^— 12 a-^ b-^, by — 3 a^ b-^ 

5. Demonstrate that, -|-=a~* 

6. Resolve a^ — b% into prime factors. 

Q^i \yi 

7. Reduce to the lowest terms, by cancella- 
tion, a^— ab 

8. Multiply 5 4/ 5 by 3 v 8. 

9. Find the value of x, in the equation, 

7x=138-5x2. 

10. Find the values of x, and y, in the equations, 

x+y=5. 

11. Expand (a*+2b)^ by the binomial theorem. 



GEOMETRY. 

1. If a straight line cut two parallel lines, how do- 
the alternate angles compare ? 



Ixsviii SEVEN TH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOK. 

State the proposition and prove it. 

2. To how many right angles is the sum of all the 
interior angles of a polygon equal ? 

State and prove the proposition. 

3. A man wished to know the distance between two 
trees upon opposite sides of an impassable gulf. He 
measured ten rods from tree No. 1, and on a line at 
right angles to that connecting the two trees, and set 
a stake ; he then measured twenty-five rods directly 
back from tree No. 1, and on a line which is the pro- 
longation of that connecting the two trees, and set a 
second stake ; next he measured twenty rods on a 
line lying in the same direction and parallel to the 
line first measured, and set a third stake, when he 
found that the tree upon the other side of the gulf and 
the first and third stakes were in the same straight 
line ; what was the required distance ? 

4. Bisect one of the angles of a triangle, and 
extend the bisecting line until it cuts the opposite 
side ; how do the segments of the side cut and the 
adjacent sides compare ? 

State the theorem and demonstrate it. 

5. What is the product of the radius of a circle 
multiplied by its circumference ? 

6. Are the reasonings of Geometry inductive or 
deductive ? Why ? 



C^SAR. 

1. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sontiates, 
superioribus victoriis f reti, in sua virtute totius Aqui- 
taniae salutem positam putarent ; nostri antem quid 
sine imperatore et sine reliquibus legionibus adiiles- 
centulo duce efflcere possent, perspici cuperent ; tan- 
dem confecti vulneribus hostes terga vertere. 

1. Give a free translation of the above. Decline 
iotius in the singular number. Decline nostri in full. 

3. Give the case, the rule (or principle of govern- 



PLA TTSB URGH, ETC. , JUL T 22, 23, 1879. Ixxix 

ment) and the nominative singular of the following 
nouns : victoriis, salutem, duce, vulneribus. 

3. To what use is the possessive sua always re- 
stricted ? 

4. Give the principal parts of positam, efficere, 
cuperent, and vertere. Which are the principal parts 
of a Latin verb, and why ? 

5. State the mode of each of the above verbs, also 
the rule (or principle of use) for the mode in each case. 

6. Give the root (or stem) of virtute, and state why 
it does not occur in the nominative singular ? Ex- 
plain, in like manner, the nominative singular of duce. 

7. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : ' Jus esse belli, ut 
qui vicissent, iis quos vicissent, quem ad modum 
vellent, impetrarent ; item populum Romanum victis 
non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitriura, 
imperare consuesse.' Translate in full. Give the 
root of consuesse. 

8. State the case of iis and rule. 

9. Cassar, certior factus, etc. Decline certior in 
full. 

10. Express in Latin: "When these things were 
known, Caesar, in an address, composed the spirits of 
the Gauls, and promised that this matter would be 
his own future care." 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the motions of the earth and the relative 
position of the earth's axis, and the lines, divisions 
and phenomena, which result from these relations. 

2. What are isothermal lines, and how and why 
do they deviate from parallels of latitude ? 

3. What are the natural divisions of the territory 
of the United States, and what are the boundaries 
and characteristics of each ? 

4. Give the location of three leading cities of the 
United States, state why they are so situated and 



Irxx SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

■what industries and other characteristics result from 
their situation ? 

5. Give the logical order in the description of a 
country. 

6. A trading vessel sails from New York to Havana. 
What is its route, and what, probably, is the general 
nature of the cargo taken out and the one brought 
back ? 

7. Grive an outline of your method of teaching 
Primary Geography. 

PENMANSHIP. 

1. Describe, in detail, the correct position of hold- 
ing the pen. 

3. Analyze the following letters : g, i, h. 

3. Analyze the capital letters : F, M, D. 

4. Write each of the letters of the alphabet, small 
and capital, in accordance with the principles of pen- 
manship. 

5. Write and name the principles employed in the 
structure of letters. 

6. Name the positions of the body, and the move- 
ments of the hand and arm in writing. 

7. Name the space lines and describe the slant 
used in penmanship. 

DRAWING. 

1. Should drawing be taught in our common 
schools ? Give reasons for your answer. 

2. Can you teach it ? 

3. Name some specific results to be gained by draw- 
ing natural objects. 

4. What is meant by picture-drawing ? object- 
drawing ? industrial-drawing ? designing ? perspec- 
tive ? 

5. Give an outline of a course of drawing for pri- 
mary schools. 



PLATTSBVBGH, ETC., JULY ^2, 23, 1879. Ixxxl 

GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. 

1. Is Orthography a department of technical Gram- 
mar? Why? 

2. Give the passive form to the following : ' ' Pas- 
sions and prejudices lead men astray." 

3. What kind of verbs mav take the passive voice ? 
Why ? ■ 

4. How is the passive voice formed ? 

5. What is the general rule for the use of the com- 
parative and the superlative degrees ? Illustrate. 

6. Give analysis of the following sentence, compare 
the italicized words, and parse the words in capitals : 
"If a certain number of men can with flails thresh 
ONE hundred bushels of wheat in a day, more men can 
THRESH more wheat." 

7. {a) Give analysis of the following, and (b) parse 
the word grammar : " The boy was taught grammar." 

8. What is the difference in {a) etymology and (b) 
pronunciation of the two italicized words in the fol- 
lowing sentence : " There were five men there." 
(c) Give analysis of sentence. 



COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a composition on "The Art of Compos- 
ing," of not less than one hundred words. 

3. Give an outline plan of construction, or a skele- 
ton of the composition. 

3. Give rules for the first ten capitals used, num- 
bering them as in the following example : 

(1) A (2) Historical (3) Fact. (4) George (5) Wash- 
ington crossed the (6) Delaware. 

4. Give rules (a) for the first three commas, and (&) 
for the first two periods used in your composition. 

5. What general principle should be observed in 
assigning subjects to pupils ? 

6. What is the relative importance of facility in 
composition and thorough knowledge of parsing ? 



Ixxxii SEVENTH S TA TE EXAJIIXA TIOX. 

RHETORIC. 

1. What rhetorical purpose is effected by the use 
of the first word in the statement, " There were five 
men there," and how is it effected ? 

2. Mention some essential elements of good style. 

3. Mention some objects to be attained by a linow- 
ledge of Rhetoric. 

READING. 

1. How would you begin to teach a child to read ? 
Name in order the different steps to be pursued ? 

2. How would you proceed to correct bad habits in 
reading, as hesitancy, indistinctness and mechanical 
reading ? 

3. What steps are necessary in reading, to the 
proper rendition of a passage ? 

4. What words should be, and what words should 
not be, emphasized in reading ? 

5. Mark, according to Webster or Worcester, the 
following words, using the proper diacritical marks 
and the mark of accent, viz. : area, air, acclimate, 
equable, enervate, dessert, root, rural, allopathy, 
legislature. 

6. Define Phonic spelling, and state its advantages. 

7. Carefully examine the following selection, ' ' The 
Wreck of the Arctic," and give, in the order you would 
put them, ten questions which you would ask pupils 
who were to read this extract. 

' ' It was autumn. Hundreds had wended their way 
from pilgrimages ; from Rome and its treasures of 
dead art, and its glory of living nature ; from the 
sides of the Switzer's mountains, from the capitals of 
various nations ; all of them saying in their hearts, 
' We will wait for the September gales to have done 
with their equinoctial fury, and then we will embark ; 
"we will slide across the appeased ocean, and in the gor- 
geous month of October we will greet our longed-for 
native land, and our heart-loved homes.' 



PL A TT8B UR GH, ETC., JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxxiil 

"And so the throng streamed along from Berlin, 
from Paris, from the Orient, converging upon Lon- 
don, still hastening toward the welcome ship, and 
narrowing every day the circle of engagements and 
preparations. They crowded aboard. Never had the 
Arctic borne such a host of passengers, nor passengers 
so nearly related to so many of us. 

' ' The hour was come. The signal ball fell at Green- 
wich. It was noon also at Liverpool. The anchors 
were weighed ; the great hull swayed to the current; 
the national colore streamed abroad, as if themselves 
instinct with life and national sympathy. The beU 
strikes ; the wheels revolve ; the signal-gun beats its 
echoes in upon every structure along the shore, and 
the Arctic glides joyfully forth from the Mersey, and 
turns her prow to the winding channel, and begins 
her homeward run. The pilot stood at the wheel, and 
men saw him. Death sat upon the prow, and no eye 
beheld him." 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. What do we mean by the classic productions of 
a language ? 

2. Name six English classic authors, together with. 
the masterpiece of each. 

3. Name tlie leading characters in Hamlet. 

4. By whom and about what time was the Specta- 
tor written ? 

5. Name the leading works of Milton. Name three 
other authors of his time. Name also three persons 
who ruled nations during Milton's life. 

6. Name, together with their authors, three stand- 
ard histories, three epic poems, three lyric poems and 
three works of fiction. 

7. Name the authors of the following works : 
**Rasselas," "Fairy Queen," "Ivanhoe," "Hia- 
watha," "Fable of the Critics," " Vanity Fair," 
"Maud MuUer," "Locksley Hall," " Star-Spangled 



Ixxxiv SEVENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

Banner," " Barnaby Rudge, " "Excursion," "Jane 
Eyre," " Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," " Thana- 
topsis." 

8. Name five recent American books or poems. 

9. Name three distinguished writers of the 16th 
century. 

10. Name the masterpieces of De Foe, Bunyan, 
Cervantes, Dante, Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Rogers, 
Campbell. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. Why were not permanent colonial settlements 
made prior to 1607 ? 

2. Name three different kinds of government that 
existed during the colonial period ? 

3. What, in your opinion, were the causes that led 
to the American Revolution ? 

4. Who was the author of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, and what official position did the signers 
of it occupy at the time ? 

5. Bound the territory of the United States as it 
existed at the adoption of the Constitution ? 

6. Name the different acquisitions of territory by 
the United States, by purchase or otherwise, since 
1789? 

7. State the leading features of the Missouri Com- 
promise ? 

8. What was settled by the Webster Ashburton 
treaty ? 

9. What was settled by the late Civil War ? 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. In what order did the ancient empires succeed 
each other ? 

2. What territory did the Roman empire embrace 
at the beginning of the Christian era ? 



FLA TTSBUJiGH, ETC., JUL T 22, 23, 1879. 1: 



3. Give an account of the invasion of Britain. 

4. Mention several important events in the history 
of Christianity. 

5. What was the main object of Solon's legislation? 

6. Sketch briefly some of the events of the French 
Revolution, and show how it affected the history of the 
Avorld. 

7. Give a sketch of the life of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
and give your estimate of his life and character. 

8. What were the results of the Franco-Prussian 
War? 

9. Name the " Great Powei-s" of Europe. 

10. What are some of the results of the late war 
between Russia and Turkey ? 

11. Who is now President of the French Republic, 
and whom did he succeed ? 

13. When does Modern History commence ? 
13. Who was the real founder of the Russian Em- 
pire, and what was his character ? 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. In whom is the government of this country 
Tested, and by whom administered ? 

2. State the different ways in which officers come 
into power. 

3. Who is the executive officer in the school dis- 
trict, town, county, State and nation? 

4. What are tlie qualifications for voting at any 
general election or town meeting ? 

5. What additional qualifications are required, to 
entitle one to vote at school district meetings ? 

6. Name the offices in which the age of candidates 
must be twenty-five years or more, as established by 
the State and national Constitutions. 

7. State the name and number of departments in 
the State and nation, and the necessity for each. 



\xxxvl SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMIXA TIO:<f. 

8. What authority designates the number of mem- 
bers in the State legislature ? 

9. What authority designates the number of mem- 
bers in each house of Congress ? 

10. Name the courts of the United States in regular 
order, commencing with the lowest. 

11. State how the grand jury lists are made out. 

12. To how many presidential electors is any State 
entitled ? 



NATURAL SCIENCES. 
Botany : 

1. Give comparative description of a leaf of maple 
and one of corn, and name and describe the general 
divisions to which these plants respectively belong in 
consequence of differences in methods of growth. 

2. In what grade of schools should the study of 
plants be taken up, and why ? 

3. Name the parts of a perfect flower. 
Zoology : 

4. Give comparative description of a cat and a 
goose, stating likenesses and unlikenesses. 

5. Name three animals belonging to each of the 
four grand divisions of the animal kingdom. 

6. Name principal divisions of the animal struc- 
ture, and give the functions of each. 

Physics : 

7. A body falls five seconds. How far will it 
fall during each second, and how far will it have 
fallen at the end of each second ? 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. What do you iinderstand by the term methods^ 
as applied to teaching ? 

2. What do you understand by philosophy of edu- 
cation ? 



PLATTSBURGH, ETC., JULY 22, 28, 1879. lxxx\il 



3. What do you understand by the objective method 
of teaching ? The subjective ? What is the order of 
their use ? 

4. Would you have a code of rules and regulations 
in any school ? Wliy ? 

5. Would you have written examinations ? How 
often ? 

6. What would you do with a pupil who occasion- 
ally neglects his lessons ? With one who habitually 
does so ? 

7. On what qualities in the teacher does the good 
discipline of the school depend ? 

8. How would you train your pupils in habits of 
good behavior ? 

9. Would you teach manners and morals in school? 
If so, n'lien, and how ? 

10. What do you include in the term teaching ? 

11. How do you arrive at principles ? 

12. What would you do the first day of school ? 
Give a plan of the first day's work. 

13. liow would you arrange the pupils of an un- 
graded school into classes ? 

14. Would you give pupils in a primaiy school a 
text-book in Arithmetic ? 

15. How would you obtain tlie cooperation of your 
pupils in securing order and discipline ? 

16. How would you proceed to form a good public 
opinion in school ? 

17. How would you prevent tardiness, absence, and 
truancy ? 

18. What do you understand by the organization of 
a school ? How would would you organize a mixed 
school ? 

19. What is classification ? How would you pro- 
ceed to classify a new school ? 

20. What are the advantages of learning to write 
when learning to read ? 

21. Distinguish between teaching, instructing, in- 
forming and learning ? 



Ixxsviii SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

23. How would you proceed to teach the first steps 
of the physical sciences ? 

23. Write six principles that are applicable in ar- 
ranging courses of study and in devising methods of 
instruction. 

24. What is the difference between a rule and a 
principle ? 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. What does the law require of a teacher before 
he can make a legal contract to teach a common 
school ? 

2. What necessary step must three trustees take 
before they can legally hire a teacher ? 

3. Can a sole trustee legally hire a teacher before 
the second Tuesday evening in October, for a term to 
commence at that date ? 

4. State the causes for which a trustee may dismiss 
a teacher. 

5. State in what cases a school commissioner may 
annul a teacher's certificate. 

6. State the duties of the teacher in relation to the 
School Register before he can collect pay for his ser- 
vices. 

7. What does the law require in order that a tnistee 
may legally hire a teacher related to himself, within 
two degrees ? 

8. What is the law in relation to a teacher's attend- 
ing Teachers' Institutes during the term time of his 
school ? 

9. Has the teacher a legal right to suspend a pupil 
temporarily from school ? 



EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. IxxxiX 



Eiglitli Eiaiiaatioii for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously July 27, 1880, at 

Albany, Binghamton, Brooklyn, Buffalo, 

Elmira, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, 

AND WaTERTOWN. 

Twenty Successful Candidates. 
E. E. Ashley, Waterford. 
U. H. Brown, Red Hook. 
Charles Willard Wasson, Portvillo. 
Alonzo J. Wilson, Mamaroneck. 
Eugene Porter, Ghent. 
Robert P. Webb, Brooklyn. 
Edson J. Quigley, Gainesville. 
Clarkson a. Hall, Gainesville. 
Gertrude Miller, Penn Yan. 
Aeial B. Davis, Oohocton. 
Kate B. Emerson, Cadyville. 
Arthur B. Rider, Hastings. 
Arthur C. Sheldon, Delphi. 
Milo C. Sharp, Liverpool. 
Frederick V. Lester, East Venice." 
Augustus S. Downing, Palmyra. 
Vincent A. Crandall, East Syracuse. 
Albert B. Watkins, Adams, 
Mary M. Mitchell, Adams. 
George E. Satchwell, Thousand Island Park. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Give the table for square measure; and explain 
how you would develop the ideas and terms used 
therein, to a class of children. 

2. State and demonstrate a rule for dividing one 
fraction by another. 



XC EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. The longitude of Boston is 71° 4' west, and that 
of New Orleans is 89° 2' west; what is the time at 
New Orleans when it is 7 o'clock 12 miu., a. m., at 
Boston ? 

4. What will be the wages of 9 men for 11 days, 
if the wages of 6 men for 14 days be $84? 

5. For how much must I make my note at bank 
for three months at 6 per cent, in order to get from 
the bank just $300? 

6. Bought a horse for $125, and sold it for 20 per 
cent, advance; sold a carriage for $125, gaining 25 
per cent. ; sold a yoke of oxen for $125, losing 20 
per cent. ; bought ten sheep for $125, and sold them 
at a loss of 25 per cent. What did I gain or lose on 
the whole? 

7. Of two pieces of land, the one a circle 18 rods 
in diameter, the other a triangle whose hypotenuse 
is 30 rods, and whose base is 24 rods, which is 
the larger, and how much? 

8. State and demonstrate a rule for finding the 
sum of an arithmetical series. 

9. The length of a block of marble containing 105 
cubic inches, is 7 inches : find the length of a similar 
block containing 22,680 cubic inches. 

10. The sum of two fractions is f|^|, and their 
difference /y; what are the fractions? 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. (a) What is the chief object in the study of 
arithmetic, and ip) how much of arithmetic, as found 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY 21, 1889. XCl 

in our text-books, do you consider necessary for the 
attainment of this object? 

2. State briefly (a) how you would commence 
giving instruction in arithmetic to little children, 
and (b) what powers of mind you would seek to 
exercise in these first lessons. 

3. State (a) the difference between a rule and 8 
principle as they are used in arithmetic, and (b) the 
order in which they should be mastered by the pupil 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Name the books required in Single Entry, and 
give uses of each. 

2. Enter the following transactions as you would 
in a day book, transfer them to a ledger and balance 
the account: 

June 4, 1875, sold John Smith 4 lbs. of tea, at 
$1.00 per lb. ; June 7, 3 bbls. of flour, at $5.00 per 
bbl. ; June 10, 25 lbs. of sugir, at 10c. per lb., and 
10 yds. of cassimere, at .$2.00 per yd. June 12, he 
paid me $8.00; June 14, his daughter Jane bought 
10 yds. of calico, at 12c. ; 50 yds. of sheeting, at 
10c. ; and a pair of gloves, at $1.25; June 20, he- 
paid $10.00. 

3. Make a bill of the above, enter a credit for the 
balance, and receipt the same. 

4. "Write a promissory note, a receipt for money 
paid on account, and a bank note, and name the 
parties to the last. 



xcli EIOHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Define Algebra, Simple Equation, Radical Equa- 
tion, Quadratic Equation, and explain the methods 
of transposing and reducing terms in a simple equa- 
tion, 

2. Find the values of x, y, and z in the following 
equations, and name the different methods of elimin- 
ating the unknown quantities: 7x — 3y = a; 5y — 
11 X = a; 9y— 5 z = a. 

3. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 13; 
the sum of their 6th powers is 793 ; what are the 
numbers ? 

4. To what form is every complete Quadratic 
Equation reducible ? Explain the methods of com- 
pleting the square. 

5. Find the value of x in the equation ___ IL_= 

6. What is the sum of a/T and VX? 

7. If a certain number be divided by the product 
of its digits, the quotient will be three; and if 18 be 
added to the number, the digits will be inverted. 
What is the number ? 

8. What is the square root of 4 x« + 12 x^ -|- 5 x* 
-2x3+7x«-2x+l? 

9. Find the values of x and y in the equations x 

4-y=10; vAl+ V^Z=f. 

10. A board ten feet long in the form of a right- 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC, JULY, 27, 1880. xciii 



angled triangle, is twelve inches wide at one end 
and tapers regularly to a point at the other; where 
shall it be cut parallel to its broad end, so as to 
divide it into equal parts ? 



GEOMETRY. 

1. Name and describe ten geometric figures of twa 
dimensions. 

2. Name and describe five geometric solids. 

3. What is the comparative magnitude of the sum 
of the angles of a triangle, and the sum of the 
interior angles of a pentagon ? Give proof. 

4. How are angles measured, and what is the 
measure of an angle inscribed in a circle? Give 
proof. 

5. How may the area of any triangle be measured? 
Give proof. 

6. Show how any line may be divided into equal 
parts ? Give proof. 

7. How does the square inscribed upon the diago- 
nal of a square compare with the square itself? 
Give proof. 

8. Show the relations between the diameter of a 
circle and the sides of a regular inscribed hexagon. 

9. Considermg the earth a perfect sphere, at what 
latitude is a degree of longitude just half the length 
of a degree at the equator ? Give proof. 

10. "What geometric instruction should precede 
the formal reasoning processes in Geometry f 



xciv EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

Ccesar, equitatu praemisso, subsequebatur omni- 
bus copiis; sed ratio orduque agminis aliter se 
habebat, ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam, 
quod ad liostes appropinquabat, cousuetudine sua 
Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: post eas totius 
€xercitus impedimenta collocarat: inde duae legi- 
ones, quae proximo conscriptae erant, totum agmen 
•claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equi- 
tes nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen 
transgressi, cum h ostium equitatu proelium commise- 
runt. 

1. Translate the above extract into good English. 

2. How can you best render equitatu praemisso ? 

3. Give the principal parts of the first five verbs, 

4. Account for the form of collocarat. 

6. Inflect the present indicative of detulerant. 

6. Decline equitatu, and explain its form. 

7. Analyze the sentence Equites nostri cum, etc 

8. Parse transgressi. 

Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit; 
de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: Transisse 
Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arces- 
situm a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque 
praemiis domum propinquosque reliquisse; sedes 
habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum 
voluntate datos; stipendium capere jure belli, quod 
victores victis imponere consuerint. 

9. Give free translation. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY VI, 1880. XCT 

10. Give the principal parts of transisse and 
reliquisse. 

11. Account fbr the form of sese. 
13. Decline the first four nouns. 

13. Parse concessas, datos, capere, and consuerint. 

14. State briefly what you know of Ariovistus. 

15. What Latin authors have you read ? 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Draw an outline map of North America and 
show (by the drawing, or verbally) its general 
divisions, with the reliefs, drainage and slopes of 
each. 

2. State what you know of the geographical dis- 
tribution of coal and iron in the United States. 

8. Compare the corresponding latitudes of Europe 
and North America in regard to climate, and explain 
the cause for any existing differences. 

4. Name and locate five of the principal lake and 
river ports of the United States outside of New 
York State. 

5. Name and locate five of the principal cities of 
New York State, and give the reasons for their loca- 
tion and the leading industries of each. 

6. What causes affect the rain-fall on the western 
coast of South America, and how ? 

7. What is the climate of Quito, and why ? 

8. Draw an outline to represent a hemisphere, 
showing equator, tropics and polar circles, naming 



XCVi EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

each ; also the divisions made by them, and giving 
the width of each such division. 

9. Explain the cause of the position of the tropics 
and polar circles, naming each ; also the divisions 
made by them, and giving the v^idth of each such 
division. 

9. Explain the cause of the position of the trop- 
ics and polar circles. 

10. Name and locate five of the principal seaports 
of Europe. 

OKAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What ideas do you think should be developed 
in the first lessons in geography ? 

2. How should these ideas be presented ? 

3. What faculties of the pupil should be chiefly 
brought into exercise in the study of primary 
geography ? 

4. At what point in a school course should the 
study of geography be introduced ? 



PENMANSHIP. 

1. Make the elements of principles used in forming 
the capitals and small letters. 

2. Give the rules for the position, slant, height 
and width of the letters. 

3. What position at the desk, in writing, do you 
prefer, and why ? 

4. At what age, and how, would you have young 
pupils write ? 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JVLY 11, 1889. xcvii 



DRAWING. 
OHAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What is meant by inventive drawing, and what 
is its value compared with the copying of pictures ? 

2. Give some of the primary steps in inventive 
drawing ? 

3. Illustrate how inventive drawing may lead to 
the drawing of regular geometric forms. 

4. Show how the drawing of geometric forms be- 
comes the basis of object drawing. 

5. What is the value of object drawing as a 
means of mental development— as an aid to the 
study of the natural sciences ? 

6. How does perspective differ from geometric 
drawing, and what is the use of each ? 

7. Show how inventive and object drawing may 
be made to lead directly to industrial drawing. 

8. What are conventional forms used in industrial 
drawing, and upon what does their value depend ? 

9. What are the educational uses of inventive and 
industrial drawing ? 

10. Mention some of the uses of drawing in the 
business of life. 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISE. 

Life may be given in many ways. 
And loyalty to truth he sealed 
As bravely in the closet as the field, 



xcviii EIOHTE STATE EXAMINATION. 

So generous is fate ; 

But then to stand beside her 

When craven churls deride her, 
To front a lie in arms and not to yield,— 

This shows, raethinks, God's plan 

And measure of a stalwart man, 
Limbed like the old heroic breeds, 

Who stands self-poised on manhood's solid earth, 

Not forced to frame excuses for his birth, 
Fed from within with all the strength he needs. 

[Tribute to Lincoln. — Lowell. 

1. What is the meaning of the first line of the 
above extract? 

2. Parse each italicised word. 

3. Give a prepositional phrase in the seventh line, 
and tell its use. 

4. Give a general analysis of the last six lines. 

5. Give the different forms assumed by the pre- 
fixes in and dd in composition, and illustrate by 
examples. 

OEAL EXAMINATION. 

6. What are the objects of language exercises, 
and in what way is the use of language best ac- 
quired ? 

7. What faculties are exercised in its study, and 
at what stage of the pupil's progress should it be 
introduced ? 

8. What are the relations of language to knowl- 
edge, and what is the relative importance of each in 
a school course ? 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY 21, 18S0. xclX 

9. What attention should be given to the analysis 
and history of words, and how and when should 
such analysis be taught ? 

10. What is grammar, and what place should it 
have in a school course ? 



COMPOSITIOK 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What is the general object to be attained by 
exercises in composition, and how should they be 
introduced into school ? 

2. Show how composition may be directly con- 
nected with object lessons, and how simple expres- 
sions may be changed to complex. 

3. What educational advantages will come from, 
the pupils writing the incidents of the day as they 
occur ? 

4. Enumerate all the advantages arising from 
making composition a daily exercise. 

5. How should familiar subjects be treated in 
class before they are assigned as subjects of compo- 
sition ? 

6. What care should be exercised in regard to 
criticism generally ? 

7. How may the details of letter writing, both in 
form and STibstance, be most successfully taught ? 

8. Give some of the classes of subjects which 
may appropriately form the basis of primary com- 
position exercises. 

9. In what manner may composition be associated 



EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA 7 ION, 



With all the other branches taught in school and 
What good would come from the association ? 

10. In advanced composition work, what is thd 
benefit of making analytic outline statements, and 
what principles should be observed in the division* 
and arrangements of the subject ? 



RHETOmO. 

OKAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Name three points of excellence in style and 
tell what you mean by each. 
3. How is clearness of expression best attained? 

3. What evils would result from directly imitating 
the style of another ? 

4. How can a good style be best acquired ? 

5. State some advantages of figurative language^ 

6. Name five figures of rhetoric and illustrate 
each. 

7. Show how figurative language may be made to 
weaken expression. 

8. In treating a subject, give some idea of the 
most effective general arrangement of thought and 
the principles upon which such arrangement ifr 
founded. 

9. What rhetorical advantages arise from exten- 
sive and discriminating reading ? 

10. When should the formal study of rhetoric be 
introduced into schools ? 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC, JULY, 27, 18S0. oi 



READING. 

OKAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Mention two prominent objects to be kept in 
view in teaching pupils to read. 

2. Give in detail the first steps of the method that 
you would employ in teaching primary classes. 

3. What preparation should be made for each 
primary reading lesson ? 

4. What other exercises may be associated with 
primary reading, and what benefits will arise from 
the association ? 

5. How can the alphabet, spelling, punctuation 
and the use of capitals, be best taught ? 

6. Give your ideas of the advantages or disadvan- 
tages arising from having pupils criticise each other, 
and as to how criticisms should be made. 

7. How and when should the acieiice of oral read- 
ing be introduced ? 

8. What are some of the principal characteristics 
of good reading ? 

9. State your method of conducting an exercise 
m advanced reading; the attention you would give 
to the thought— to the expression. 

10. Show how lessons in reading may be made to 
serve as exercises in literature, and to cultivate a 
literary taste. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Mention some of the departments of literature 



CU EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 

for which Greece was famous, and name some 
prominent writer in each department. 

2. Name the chief departments of Eoman litera- 
ture, and name a prominent author in each depart- 
ment. 

3. Name the gi'eatest epic poem in the English 
language. Explain the characteristics of its verse, 
And give a short account of its author. 

4. Name the leading English dramatist, and at 
least three works or plays written by him. In what 
reign did he live ? 

5. Give the names of some of the most noted 
English authors between the sixteenth and nine- 
teenth centuries, and their respective departments 
of literature. 

6. Name the most prominent English writer of 
the beginning of the present century, and some of 
his works. 

7. Of English writers of the present century, 
name three historians, three novelists, and three 
poets, and one work of each. 

b. Of American writers, name three historians, 
three poets, three writers of fiction, and some work 
of each. 

9. Name ten distinguished living writers, and 
their respective departments of literature. 

10. Name the author of each of the following 
works: "The Canterbury Pilgrims," "Gulliver's 
Travels," "Winter's Tale," "The Vicar of Wake- 
field," "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," 
••Marco Bozzaris," "Sketch Book," "Conquest 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY 27, ISSO. cill 



of Mexico," "Heroes and Hero Worship," "Con- 
fessions of an Opium Eater," "Rhyme of the 
Ancient Mariner," "Lays of Ancient Rome," 
" Middlemarch, " "Aurora Leigh," " Rise of the 
Dutch Republic," "Toilers of^ the Sea," "Hy- 
patia," "Uncle Tom's Cabin," "The Heathen Chi- 
nee," "The Scarlet Letter." 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. What conflicting claims were originally made 
in regard to the territory of the New World, and 
upon what were they based ? 

2. Give some account of the conflict between the 
French and English for the possession of this 
country; the theater of its action, and its results. 

3. Give the name of the greatest man who took 
part in this struggle, and a sketch of his subsequent 
career. 

4. Give a brief account of Burgoyne's expedition. 

5. Name the great diplomat, the great financier, 
the most noted naval commander, six prominent 
statesmen, and six generals of the Revolutionary 
Period. 

6. Wliat political parties arose at the close of the 
Revolution, and what principles did each represent? 

7. State three prominent events of Jefferson's 
administration. 

8. Give, briefly, the causes of our late civil war, 
the principal operations belonging to it, and its 
results. 



eiv EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

9. Name the most important inventions that have 
been made by Americana. 

10. Give some account of a great work of inter- 
nal improvement made by the State of New York; 
Its origin and results. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Give some account of the Assyrian Empire, 
and of the siege and capture of its chief city. 

2. Compare the civil politics of Athens and 
Sparta, and give some notable incident in the 
history of each. 

3. Give a brief sketch of the extent and duration 
of the Roman empire. 

4. Name and give the characteristics of the 
political system which controlled Europe for many 
years after the destruction of the Roman Empire. 

5. Describe the first crusade, giving its causes and 
results. 

6. When and how was "Magna Charta" obtained? 

7. Give some account of India, and show how it 
has affected the history of the world. 

8. Sketch briefly the achievements of Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 

9. Sketch the progress of science during the 
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 

10. Name some of the great statesmen of Europe 
at the present time, giving the position which each, 
occupies. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC, JULY, Vt^lBSfi, er 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Name the several departments of our govern- 
ment and tell what constitutes each. 

2. Under the Constitution, what qualifications are 
necessary to make a person eligible for each of the 
following offices : 

(1.) President ? (2.) Vice-President? (3.) Sena- 
tor ? (4.) Member of the House of Representa- 
tives ? 

8. What constitutes the judicial department of 
our national government ? 

4. State briefly how the President is chosen. 

5. How are amendments to the Constitution of 
the United States made ? 

6. Draw a parallel between the government of the 
United States and that of our State. 

7. Give the steps necessary to the making of a 
law by our State government. 

8. How does the national government derive the 
resources for its support ? How, the State govera- 
ment ? 

9. In every community why is government necesK 
eary ? 

10. Give the successive steps by which a person 
may lawfully vindicate his rights, and enumerate 
the tribunals which may pass upon the case. 



CVl EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA 2 ION. 

BOTANY. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. How can a knowledge of plants be best 
obtained ? 

2. What would be the benefit of an exercise in 
which the pupil should enumerate and write the 
names of all the plants that he knows ? 

3. What plants and what parts of the plant should 
be the subject of the first lessons? 

4. What general facts should be noted in the study 
of leaves, and in comparing different leaves what 
peculiarities may be taken as bases of classification ? 

5. Name all the parts of plants and give the func- 
tions of each. 

6. Name the different parts of plants that are 
used for the food of man, and give an example of 
each. 

7. Besides furnishing food for men and animals, 
what are the most important uses of plants ? 

8. Mention some of the ways in which plants are 
propagated. 

9. What part of botanical study is adapted to 
primary schools ? Why ? 

10. Give some of the most important educational 
and practical advantages arising from the study of 
botany. 

ZOOLOGY. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. In what way can the first lessons in animals be 
made most profitable and interesting ? 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY 27, 1880. cvil^ 

2. Give a general outline of the lessons ■which- 
may be given upon the human body. 

3. Describe the organs of locomotion of a man, 
of a cat, of a horse, of a robin, of a trout ; show- 
ing their resemblances, relations and differences. 

4. Give the general divisions of vertebrates, and 
show how you would teach the idea which thia 
class represents. 

5. Give some account of the structure and trans- 
formation of insects, with illustrations. 

6. What are the four grand divisions or sub- 
kingdoms of animal life, and what are the character- 
istics of each ? 

7. Give your ideas of the relative importance of 
this subject and of the place it should occupy in the 
school course. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Name the digestive organs. 

2. Explain the processes of respiration ; also of 
the circulation of the blood. 

3. What are the leading causes of ill-health in- 
the school-room ? 

4. Why does frequent bathing promote health ? 

5. What position should generally be maintained 
by pupils in the school-room, and why ? 

6. State how, and why, exercise increases the 
circulation and purification of the blood. 



■cviii EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. Name the principal sources of impure air in 
the scliool-room, and tlie remedy for tlie same. 

8. Wliy is severe physical or mental exercise, 
immediately after eating heartily, injurious to 
health ? 

9. Give some idea of the proper arrangement of 
light in the school-room, and of the management 
-necessary to prevent diseases of the eye. 

10. Give brief description of the nervous system, 
its functions, and the conditions of its healthful 
activity. 

PHYSICS. 

1. Enumerate the different forces which we see in 
action around us, and give the characteristics of 
each. 

2. What is the law of gravitation ? 

3. Give the laws in regard to the pressure of 
liquids as to direction and force, and show some 
application to the mechanic arts. 

4. Describe the action of a common pump, and 
describe the construction and uses of a scientific 
instrument which operates on the same principle. 

5. Explain the action and causes of intermittent 
springs. 

6. Explain the nature of sound, and give its rate 
of transmission, and the causes of difference in 
pitch of sound. 

7. Explain the theory of heat, its general effect 
upon bodies, and the different ways of transmission. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JVLY 21, 1889. clx 

8. What is light, and how is it transmitted ? 

9. Explain reflection and refraction of light. 

10. Give an account of the means and results of 
decomposing light. 



METHODS. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Give brief analysis of the mental powers and 
the order of their development. 

2. Give the successive steps in the objective or in- 
ductive treatment of a subject, and the objects 
attained by it. 

3. Give the steps in the subjective or deductive 
process, and the objects to be attained it. 

4. Give some of the uses and limitations of object 
teaching. 

5. In preparing a course of study, what con- 
siderations should decide as to what belongs to the 
primary and what to the advanced course ? 

6. What place should oral teaching have in a 
school course, and what are some of the uses and 
abuses of text-books ? 

7. Give and illustrate some of the laws of primary 
teaching as now generally accepted. 

8. Give comparison of rote teaching and rational 
teaching as to methods and results. 

9. How are scientific and philosophic principles 
most successfully taught ? 

10. Give your ideas of industrial education ; it» 
methods, advantages and disadvantages. 



ex EIGHTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Describe a school-house to answer the require- 
ments of a school, with an average attendance of 
fifty pupils ; as to {a) size, (&) furnishings. 

2. Name the prevailing faults in school and tell 
how you would remove them. 

3. What particulars in respect to the external 
•condition of the school premises demand daily in- 
spection by the teacher ? 

4. Give your opinion of prize-giving in school 
and reasons therefor. 

5. What professional works have you read ? 
Give outline of one. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What qualifications constitute a legal voter at 
a school meeting ? 

2. Mention some of the powers and duties of 
trustees. 

3. What is the teacher's jurisdiction as to school 
property; also in maintaining order as to pupils, 
and as to outsiders ? 

4 What works a forfeiture of a teacher's con- 
tract ? 

5. What constitutes the legal qualifications of a 
teacher ? 

6. How does it happen that persons become 



ALB ANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULYil, 1880. cxi 

legally qualified to teach without possessing real 
qualifications ? 

7. How can a district change from three trustees 
to one, and from one back to three again ? 

8. State the necessary steps in condemning an un- 
suitable school-house. 

9. How are persons appointed, who are entitled 
to free tuition, in the normal schools, under the 
statute ? 

10. How may a school organize under the "Union 
Free School Act," and what are the advantages of 
such organization ? 



Nintti Eiamination for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously July 22, 1881, at 

Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Elmira, Platts- 
BURGH, Syracuse, and Waterto^vn. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Multiply 37,896, by 20,187, and express the 
product in words by both the French and the English 
methods of numeration. 

2. Find the greatest common divisor of 703 and 
1369 by continued division, and explain the process. 

3. The sum of two numbers is 68|^, and their 
difference is 13|; what are the numbers? 

4. The distance from Albany to Milwaukee is 
nearly 625 miles. A degree of longitude at these 



CXll NINTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

places is about 54 miles; what is the' time at Albany 
when it is 10 o'clock A. M. at Milwaukee? 

5. How many cords of wood can be piled in. a 
shed 50 ft. long, 25 ft. wide, and 10 ft. high? 

6. If 9 men, working 10 hours per day, can make 
18 organs in 30 days, how many organs can 50 men 
make in 90 days, working 8 hours per day? 

7. For how much must A make his note at bank 
for 60 days, so that the proceeds shall pay another 
note of $500, due three months hence without interest? 

8. $1500jy% Ithaca, June 1, 1879. 
Two years after date, for value received, I promise 
to pay John Doe, or bearer, Fifteen Hundred Dol- 
lars, with interest. RICHAIID ROE. 

Indorsements: — Received, Jan. 5th, 1880, $68.50; 
Aug. 8th, 1880, $20.10 ; Feb. 11th, 1881, $100.00. 

How much was due at maturity? 

9. The area of a circle is 706.86 sq. ft.: what is 
the solid content of a sphere of the same diameter ? 

10. In an arithmetical series the extremes are 5 
and 32, and the number of terms 12 ; what is the 
sum of all the terms? Explain the solution. 

OBAL EXAMINATION. 

1. State, in order of relative importance, the 
several parts or topics contained in the ordinary 
text-book of arithmetic. 

2. How ought addition tables for primary pupils 
to be constructed? Why? 

3. How would you use arithmetic to promote 
language culture? Why? 

4. Stale, spccilically, what powers of mind j'ou 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JVLYll, 1881. cxiii 

would seek to strengthen by this study, and how 
these powers are disciplined. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. What are Bills Payable? Bills Receivable? 
Resources? Liabilites? 

2. Name the books required in Double Entry 
Book-keeping, and give the uses of each. 

3. How would you change from Single to Double 
Entry? 

4. How can you verify the Ledger in Double 
Entry? 

5. Journalize and post by Double Entry the fol- 
lowing: 

May 1, 1881, John Doe commenced business 
with $5000. capital. May 2, bought for cash 500 
bbls. flour @ $5 per bbl. May 3, sold 10 bbls. for 
$60 cash. May 5, sold John Smith 100 bbls. at $7, 
taking in payment his note at bank for 60 days. 
May 6, sold Richard Roe 100 bbls. at $7, on account. 



ALGEBRA. 

Note:— It Is required that the full work of solution of the fol- 
lowing problems and examples be enbmitted for exami* 
tation. 

1. Remove the parenthesis from the following, and 
explain the operation : 3a — (2a — [a4-2] ). 

2. Reduce to lowest terms the following: 

6.^3_a;8_5a. 

21a;3— 26a!24-5aj 



CXiv NINTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

3. Find the values of the unknown quantities in 
the following: 

y—z x-\-z _ x—y x—z _ y-{-z 

2 4 ~*' 5 "■ 6 ~ ' 4 



2 

4. Simplify the following: 

V x-\-y ' V x—y ^ ^ ' 

V ' x^—y^ y' 

5. The sum of the lengths of two cubical blocks 
of wood is 20 inches, and their contents 2240 cubic 
inches. Required the surface of each. 

6. Select suitable examples and explain the 
methods for completing the square in the solution of 
Affected Quadratic Equations. 

7. The product of two numbers is 96, and the 
difference of their cubes is to the cube of their differ- 
ence as 19 to 1. What are the numbers? 

8. Four numbers are in arithmetical progression. 
The sum of the squares of the means is 136, and the 
sum of the squares of the extremes is 200. What 
are the numbers? 

9. There are three numbers in geometical pro- 
gression whose sum is 14, and product 64. What 
are the numbers? 

10. Devise suitable examples and explain the fol- 
lowing processes : 

(a) Tne multiplication of minus into minus. 

(d) The transference of an exponential factor from 
one term of a fraction to the other. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JVLYVi, 1881. CXT 

GEOMETRY. 

1. Demonstrate a rule for finding the area of any 
triangle. 

2. Demonstrate a method of finding the center of 
A circle^ 

3. Prove that a circle may be inscribed in any 
triangle. 

4. Demonstrate a method of measuring the height 
of a building. 

5. Demonstrate a method of inscribing a regular 
hexagon in a circle. 

6. Arrange diagram to prove that the square on 
the hypothenuse of a right angled triangle is equal 
to the sum of the squares on the other sides, 

7. Prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram 
bisect each other. 

8. Arrange diagram to prove that the rectangle of 
the sum and difference of two lines is equal to the 
difference of their squares. 

9. Prove that equal chords are equally distant 
from the centre. 

10. Arrange diagram to prove that the rectangles 
of the sections of intersecting chords are equal. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Draw an outline map of South America, and 
show its natural divisions, with the reliefs and 
drainage of each. 

2. Give the zones of the staple productions of the 
States. 



cxvl NINTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

3. Compare the climate of the Atlantic with that 
of the Pacific coast of the United States, and give 
reasons for differences. 

4. Upon what three considerations does the size 
of rivers depend? 

5. What are some of the causes that detern^ne the 
location of cities? 

6. "What regions of the earth are inhabited by 
nomads, and why? 

7. Describe the Nile river, and give some pecu- 
liarities of its source and lower course. 

8. What is the width of the temperate zones, and 
what determines its width? 

9. Describe the monsoon of the Indian ocean, and 
give its causes and effects. 

10. A trading vessel sails from New York to Rio 
Janeiro, thence to Liverpool, thence to Messina, 
thence to Stockholm, and thence to New York; what 
is the probable cargo on each voyage? 



PENMANSHIP. 

1. Construct each letter of the alphabet in small 
and in capital form. 

2. Describe the structure of the letters "y" 
and "r." 

3. Construct the principles used in the formation 
of letters. 

4. Indicate some exercises for the training of the 
muscles. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JVLT%%, 1881. cxvil 

5. Describe correct position in writing. 

6. Describe the holding of the pen. 

7. Describe the movements used in writing. 

8. Indicate what is meant by the slant of letters. 

9. Describe the structure of the letters *'D" 
and"K." 

10. Describe the mode of teaching writing in a 
primary class. 

DRAWING. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What are some of the first steps in teaching 
drawing? 

2. Name the elementary straight lines necessaiy 
in drawing. 

3. Draw ten regular geometric figures of two 
dimensions, and give names and characteristics of 
each. 

4. Give the names of five geometric solids, such 
as are used in drawing. 

5. Give illustrations of the recurrence of those 
geometric forms in nature and in art. 

6. What aids may be given in the drawing of arcs 
of circles? Give examples. 

7. How does free-hand drawing differ from me- 
chanical drawing? 

8. How are objects of three dimensions repre- 
sented upon surfaces? 

9. What are some of the preliminary steps in in- 
dustrial drawing? 



ccviii NINTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

10. Illustrate how drawing may be made useful 
in teaching the branches of Natural History, 

GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. 

1. Mention the leading objects to be obtained by 
the study of Grammar. 

2. (a.) What distinction do you make between 
Parsing and Analysis?. 

(&.) What is your object in requiring pupils to 
parse? 

(c,) What is your object in requiring analysis of 
sentences? 

3. Which of these topics (parsing and analysis) do 
you teach first? Or do you teach them contempor- 
aneously? Why? 

4. Do you develop and use in elementary work 
such terms as name-word, etc. ? Give reasons for 
your position on this question. 

5. Are there rules for the use of the tenses other 
than those implied in the definitions? If so, illus- 
trate. 

6. Do you recognize dependence of tenses in 
English construction? Illustrate. 

7. Are any parts of English Syntax traceable to 
the syntax of other languages? Illustrate. 

8. Explain the terms {a.) vernacular, (J.) vocabu- 
lary, (c.) idiom, {d.) sentence, {e.) clause, and (/.) 
proposition, and illustrate (c), {d.), («.) and (/.) 

9. Are there are rules in English syntax for the 
use of the Modes in conditional expressions? If so» 
give them and illustrate* 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC, JVLYVty 1880. cxix 



10. Analyze the following and parse the italicized 
words: (a.) "One day theprc»p of the family, whow 
absence had been the caum of much suffering, came 
lixyim, gave his wiife a heavy purse, and departed as 
suddenly as he came, none being awi^e of his inten- 
tion." 

(J.) **/i5 was from me thai you took the pencil." 

N. B.^Proper and necessary alterations in No. 10 
are permitted. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. What relation has Composition to Grammar? 

2. What relation has Composition to Rhetoric? 

3. What relation has Grammar to Rhetoric? 

4. Columbus was discovered by America, 
(a.) Is this grammatically correct? Why? 
(5.) Is it rhetorically correct? Why? 

5. Mention four things necessary to the greatest 
eflSciency of communication by language. 

6. State the relative merits of suggestive style and 
exTiausfive style in composition. And 

7. Give some of the limitations of each. 

8. What purposes are served by Anithesis. 

8. Defend or refute the following statement: It 
is impossible to i^ach Composition and Rhetoric sepa- 
ately. 

10. State the objects of school work in Composi- 
tion and Rhetoric. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 
1. Name five distinguished epic poets, and their 
poems 



cxx NINTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. Tell the nationality of each of the above poets, 
and state the period in which each wrote. 

3. Name some works of five leading dramatists. 
State the country and period of each author. 

4. Give some account of Dante, Cervantes, and 
Addison. 

5. Name ten standard histories. 

6. Name ten standard juvinile books. 

7. Name ten standard American authors, and 
state the department in which each has excelled. 

8. Give some account of Pope and Johnson. 

9. Describe briefly the current periodical literature. 

10. Name the uses of standard literature. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. Into what periods or epochs would you divide 
United States History? 

2. Give a brief account of the first settlement of 
Virginia and of Massachusetts. 

3. Relate briefly the causes which led to the 
American Revolution. 

4. Account for the military spirit and skill which 
prepared the Colonists for the Revolution. 

5. Give a brief account of two of tfle most decis- 
ive battles of that struggle. 

6. Give a brief history of the change from the 
government under the Confederation to that under 
the Constitution, with the reasons for that change. 

7. State briefly what nations have exercised or 
claimed sovereignty over any part of the United 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULT22, 1881. cxxl 

States; designate such portions of territory, and ex- 
plain the change of sovereignty. 

6. Give some of the results of the war with Mex- 
ico, and show how they have affected the develop- 
ment of our country. 

9. Give an account of the principal financial 
measures of our government during the late Re- 
bellion. 

10. What radical change in the character of 
naval warfare has been effected in this generation? 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Give the origin of the word laconic and some 
account of the people whose name gaye rise to the 
word. 

2. What events led to the writing of the narrative 
known as Xenophon's Anabasis. 

3. What is implied in the expression, "The Lost 
Arts? " 

4. Give a brief account of the Jewish captivity 
with approximate chronology. 

5. In what century (and in what part of that cen- 
tury) occurred the Thirty Years' War? 

6. Mention the ultimate cause and some of the 
religious and political results of that war. 

7. What was finally settled by the battle of Cul- 
loden? 

8. Of the following events give a brief summary 
and indicate the time to which each of them be- 
longs, thus: The part of the century: 

(a.) The granting of Magna Charta. 



WXil NINTH STA TE ESAMINA TJON, 

(ft.) The beginning of the Reformation, 
(c.) The first Crusade. 

{d.) The beginning of the Renaissance Oiterature 
and fine arts.) 

9. Of the following events give a brief summary 

and indicate their time thus. The decade of 

the century : 

{a.) The battle of Waterloo. 

(ft.) The last New Testament Revision. 

(c.) The Crimean War. 

{d.) The Reign of Terror. 

(e.) The Franco-German War. 

10. Mention at least six great mechanical inven- 
tions of the I8th and 19th centuries. 

fixtend the list if you choose. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
1. Name four absolute monarchies. 
3. Name five dependencies, together with the na- 
tions on which they depend. 

3. Name the special or exclusive powers of the 
United States House of Representatives. 

4. Name in order of rank the courts in the judi- 
ciary system of New York State. 

5. Name all the legislative bodies in this State, 

6. Describe the ordinary process of making a 
law. 

7. Explain what is meant by the consular and the 
diplomatic sefvices, 

8. State the sources of the revenue of the United 
States. 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULTn, 1881. cxxlU- 



0. Give reasons for having two houses of Con- 
gress. 

10. Describe a territorial government, and a 
Sacthod of admitting a new State into the Union. 



BOTANY. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What are the classes of plants founded upott 
•'methods of growth?" Give examples. 

2. From what sources is the nutriment of plants 
derived, and, in general, what elements come f rom- 
each? 

3. How may plants be improved by cultivation f 
Give examples. 

4. Give some account of the circulatory system 
Of plants and its function. 

5. Give three examples of palmate leaves— three 
Of feather- veined leaves— three of compound leaves. 

6. Give some of the different methods of pollen 
fertilization of flowers. 

7. Give some account of the geographical distri- 
bution of plants. 

8. Mention some of the ways in which the seeds 
Of plants are disseminated. 

9. Mention some of the ways in which climbing 
plants are sustained in position. 

10. Give some account of your method of teach- 
ing Botany. 



cxxlv NINTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

ZOOLOGY. 

OBAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What is the distinguishing characteristic of 
that grand division or sub-kingdom of animal life 
of which man is a member. 

2. In general structure what animals are most 
like man, and what name is given to the order to 
which each belongs? 

3. What general name is given to the class which 
includes man and the animals commonly called 
beasts? 

4. Besides man and beasts what general classes 
are included in the grand division — Vertebrates^ 

5. Mention some of the different orders of mam- 
mals, and give the characteristics of each. 

6. What are digitigrade and plantigrade animals? 
Give examples. 

7. To what general class does the wljale belong? 
The bat? 

8. Give some account of the bee communities. 

9. Mention and describe some insects which are 
destructive to crops. 

10. To what grand division does the snail belong? 
Give the names of other species belonging to the 
same grand division. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What are the necessary conditions of ventila- 
tion in cold weather? 

2. How do you obtain, with safety to the pupils, 



ALBANY, B UFFAL (?, ETC., JUL Y 22, 1881. cxxv 



a supply of fresh air in a school-room not properly 
ventilated? 

3. Describe the respiratory apparatus. 

4. Specify some of the ill effects of high benches 
for children, and give reasons. 

5. What are some of the differences between the 
bones of a child and those of an old person. 

6. Should the noon intermission of school be long 
or short? Why? 

7. Given a portion of solid food ready for the 
table: Required a description of the successive steps 
by which a part of it is transformed into arterial 
blood. 

8. Give your ideas about the frequency and kinds 
of physical exercise of pupils, with the physiologi- 
cal and hygienic reasons therefor. 

9. Given a school-room with a floor surface of 
2,400 square feet and with windows on the north 
side: 

{a.) Which is the better form, 40 feet wide and 
60 feet long, or 48 feet wide and 50 feet long? 
Why? 

{!).) This room is 14 feet high and the air is 
changed once in 30 minutes. How many sittings 
ought it to contain? Why? 

(c.) In what direction ought the children to face 
when they are seated in this room? Why? 

10. Locate and describe the following and give 
their functions: 

(a.) Occipital bone, 
(6.) Patella. 



ixvi NIN TE 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

(c.) Ulna. 

(d.) Tibia. 

{e.) Tendon of Achilles. (Why so called?) 

(/".) Biceps muscle. 

ig.) Periosteum. 



PHYSICS. 

1. What are some of the essential properties of 
matter? 

2. What are the general forms which matter as- 
sumes? Give examples. 

3. Calling the distance a body falls during the 
first second unity, how far will it fall in five sec- 
onds? and how far during the fifth second? State 
the law. 

4. Six sailors with levers five feet long are turn- 
ing a capstan, each exerting a force of 350 pounds; 
what is the force exerted upon the axle one foot in 
diameter, allowing one-third for friction? 

5. What forces tend to keep the planets in their 
orbits? Explain each. 

6. Explain the operation of the siphon. 

7. A flash of lightning is followed by a peal of 
thunder in 6| seconds; at what distance was the 
electrical discharge? 

8. Explain the thermometer. 

9. Explain the barometer. 

10. How is the rainbow formed? 



ALBANY, BUFFALO, ETC., JULY VI, 1880. cxxvH 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. Describe two ways of showing the presence of 
carbonic acid (commonly so called) in a?r exhaled 
from the lungs. 

2. What parts of an inhabited room generally 
contain the greatest quantities of deleterious gases? 
Why? 

3. How do you explain the fact that smaller quan- 
tities of these gases are generally found in all other 
parts of the room? 

4. What fundamental distinction between Chem- 
istry and Natural Philosphy (commonly so called)? 

5. To which subject belongs a full explanation of 
the Grove cell? Why? 

6. Give the atomic theory and the laws of chemi- 
cal composition. 

7. Into a satuated solution of camphor in alcohol 
suppose we let fall a drop of clear water. Describe 
and explain the resulting phenomena. 

8. What are some proper precauti&ns to prevent 
the explosion of an ordinary kerosene lamp? Why? 

9. What is the use of a galvanic battery in con- 
nection with the telephone? 

10. What is meant by the "Morse alphabet "? 

METHODS. 

ORAL EXAMINATIOIT. 

1. In primary schools why should object lessons 
have a conspicuous place? 



txviii NINTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. What powers of the mind should be systemati- 
cally developed in primary schools? 

3. What relation has memory to the other powers 
of the mind, and how is it best developed? 

4. State your opinion concerning rote-teaching. 

5. Subjects appealing mainly to the reasoning 
powers have what place in a school course? 

6. How are rules, definitions, and principles best 
taught? 

7. What are the evils of dogmatic teaching in 
school instruction? 

8. What is meant by the "scientific method" in 
teaching? 

9. What attention should be given to physical 
education in public schools? 

10. How can the moral nature of pupils be most 
effectively aroused and strengthened by agencies at 
the disposal of the teacher? 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

OBAL EXAMINATION. 

1. How much floor space of a school room should 
be occupied with seats and desks ? What uses would 
you make of the rest? 

2. How much blackboard surface is needed for 
school purposes? What uses would you make of it? 

3. In a Common School, what studies do you con- 
sider relatively most important? 

4. What is the proper temperature for a school- 
room in cold weather? 

5. How would you proceed to get the school-house 



ALBANY, B UFFAL 0, ETC., JUL F82, 1881. cxxix 



and grounds fitted up in comfortable and inviting 
condition? 

6. What expedients would you employ to promote 
punctuality and regularity of attendance? 

7. What means do you rely upon for elevating the 
tone of public opinion in your school? What spe- 
cific results would you aim to secure through such 
public opinion? 

8. What influences would you employ to awaken 
the interest and active co-operation of the community 
in the work of education? 

9. In grading a school, what principles will 
determine where any individual pupil belongs? 

10. In case the higher departments of a graded 
school are small, and the primary departments over- 
crowded, how would you equalize the work of the 
teachers in the entire school? 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. State the powers of an annual school-meeting. 

2. State the powers of the trustee, or board of 
trustees. 

3. What means of redress are provided for dis- 
trict grievances? 

4. What circumstances will invalidate a teacher's 
contract? 

5. Describe the method of condemning a school^ 
house. 

6. State the duties of a school commissioner. 



cxxx TENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. Name the sources from which the school 
moneys are obtained. 

8. What authorities can change district boundaries ? 

9. What is meant by a union free school? 

10. State the provisions of law relating to Teach- 
ers' Institutes. 



Tentli Eiaminatlon for State Certificates, 

Held simultaneously Jurie 28, 1882, at 
Nbw York, Binghamton, Rochester, Watertown. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Reduce ttt¥t to its lowest terms by different 
methods, and state all the principles involved in the 
processes. 

2. Draw a promissory note for $728.46, at 90 days, 
bearing 5 per cent, interest and dated May 6, 1877. 
Make the following indorsements: Jan. 15, 1878, 
$75; Feb, 10, 1879, $35; March 20, 1880, $150. 
Compute the amount due to date. 

3. Illustrate the difference between true and hank 
discount. 

4. A merchant marks cloth at $3.00 per yard, so 
that he may drop 10 per cent, and yet gain 20 per 
cent. Find cost price. 

5. State the principles of Arithmetic involved in 
partnership settlements. ; 



ySW YORK, ETC., JUNE 23, 1882. cxxri 



6. The dimensions of a grain bin are 12 feet by 
10 feet by 7 feet. How much grain does it hold? 

7. A sphere is 12 inches in diameter. Find the 
circumference of another sphere containing one- 
quarter the volume of the first. 

8. The dimensions of a room are 16 feet by 14 feet 
by 11 feet. Find the longest straight line in the 
room. 

9. Develop a rule for the extraction of the cube 
root. 

10. State in order the results aimed at in teaching 
primary arithmetic. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Name the books required in Single Entry and 
give use of each. 

2. Enter the following transactions in the proper 
books: 

Jan. 1, 1880. Sold John Hart 1 lb. Tea @ 50c., 
4 lbs. Tobacco @ 65c., 5 yds. Flannel @ 45c., 1 
pair Boots® $2.50, 18 lbs. Sugar @ lie, and 9 
lbs. Soap @ 16c. Same date, sold Hiram Easigp 
4 yds. Broadcloth @ $1.75, 1 set Crockery @ $7.50, 
8 lbs. Tea @ 65c., and 2 gals, of Molasses @ 75c 
Same date, sold James Cook 15 lbs. Sugar @ 12c., 
10 lbs. Soap @ 18c., 12 yds. Calico @ 9c., 5 lbs! 
Tobacco @ 80c., 40 yds. Sheeting @ lie, and 5 
lbs. Coffee @. 32c. Same date, sold John Mitchell, 
per daughter, 15 yds. Silk % $1.75, 15 yds. Calico 
@ 9c., 25 yds. Carpeting @ $1.40, and 1 pair Shoe* 



cxxxii TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

% $4.50. Jan. 3. Sold John Hart, 18 yds. Sheet- 
ing @ 10c. , 1 pair Shoes @ $3.00, 1 Broom @ 35c., 
and 3 Lamps @ 60c. each. Same date, sold Henry 
Seymour, 1 Axe @ $1.25, 1 File @ 40 c, 20 lbs. 
Nails @ 6c., 1 Saw @ 50c., and 5 lbs. Tea @ 55c. 

3. Make a statement of acc't of John Hart, and 
receipt it in full. 

4. Write a receipt in full showing a settlement of 
account with Henry Seymour. 

5. Write a bank check. 

6. Write an ordinary negotiable note. 

7. Write a bank note. 

8. Explain the relation of each of the several 
parties to a note. 

9. Define Double Entry, and state the application 
of the terms debtor and creditor. 

10. Give the general rule for journalizing in 
Double Entry. 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Discuss, and illustrate by suitable examples, 
the treatment of a minus sign of a subtrahend, and 
of minus into minus in multiplication. 

2. Find gi*eatest common divisor and reduce ta 
lowest terms the following : 

12a;g-15a;y-t-3y» 
6a;3 — Qx^y-{-2xy^-2y» 



NEW TOBK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. cxxxiil 

3. Find the values of the unknown quantities in 
the following: 

z — v 6 

-gH y-= 1, and 

2z — 14:y-\-x = 5. 



4. Add a/ (1 + ^)"^' a/ «'a + a)-i, and 



\/ 



(1+a) (l-«)-2. 

a;— 9 g— 4 4 (x—16) 

5. Given ;^/i+3 + ;^/7^ -^ .+4 ' 

to find the value of x. 

6. Discuss the methods of completing the squares 
in affected quadratic equations, and prove the cor- 
rectness of each. 

7. Two cubical vessels have together a capacity of 
1072 cubic inches, and the sum of their heights is 16 
inches; what is the capacity of each? 

8. Given « + /^ ''~\/~^'' \/~^+ ^* 
2 /~^^ to find the value of x. 

9. Prove the propositions in proportion emp'.oyea 
in solving the last example. 

10. Four numbers are in geometrical progression. 
Their sum is 120, and the last term is to one-half the 
€um of the means as 9 to 3. What are the numbers? 



cxxxi V TENTH ST A TE EX AM IN A TI ON. 

GEOMETRY. 

1. Mnd an expression for the circumference of a 
circle in terms of the radius. 

3. What is the name of that regular polygon 
whose side equals the radius of the circumscribed 
circle? Demonstrate the equality. 

3. A triangle and a square have equal areas, but 
the base of the triangle is two and one- third times 
the side of the square. Find an expression for the 
altitude of the triangle in terms of the side of the 
square. 

State and demonstrate the proposition on which 
your solution depends. 

4. Let a represent the longer, and b the shorter, of 
two lines. Demonstrate geometrically that 

(a_&)8 = a^—2ab-\-b^. 

5. "When is a circle said to be circumscribed about 
a triangle? 

6. Show how to circumscribe a circle about a sca- 
lene triangle.' Then state and demonstrate the prop- 
osition on which your solution depends. 

7 Draw an isosceles triangle with two equal 
angles at the base. Then demonstrate by at least 
three modes that a line which bisects the vertical 
angle will also bisect the base. 

8. What is the name of the greatest chord of a cir- 
cle? Prove it. 

9. What^line measures the distance between two 
parallel tangents, when that distance is greater than 



yWW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. ctxxv 



10. Describe and explain a practical mode of 
measuring the height of accessible buildings, hills, 
etc., with improvised apparatus. 



(Caesar) His (1) rebus (2) cognitis, exploratores 
centurionesque prasemittit, qui locum idoneum (3) 
castris (4) deligant. Quum ex dediticiis (or dediti- 
tiis) Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Csesarem 
secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his (ut postea ex 
captivis cognitum est) eorum dierum consuetudine 
itineris nostri exercitus perspecta, (5) nocte ad Ner- 
vios pervenerunt atque (6) his (7) demonstrarunt, 
inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum (8) 
numerum intercedere, nequa esse quidquam (9) neg- 
otii, quum prima legio in castra (10) venisset reli- 
quaeque legiones magnum (11) spatiumabessent, banc 
sub sarcinis (12) adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentisque 
direptis, (13) futurum, ut reliquae contra consistere 
non (14) auderent. 

N. B. — The numbers in parentheses belong with 
the word following them. 

1. Write, as nearly as possible, a literal translation 

2. Write an idiomatic translation. 

3. Parse (1) and (2). 

4. Parse (3). Account for the mode of (4) and 
give its parts. 

5. Ut postea, etc. Why is not the verb in the sub' 
junctive? 



cxxxvi TENTH ST A TE EXA AflNA TION. 

6. Account for the cases of (5), (6), (8), and (9), and 
for the form of (7). 

7. Give full declension of (5), and account for the 
form of nominative singular. 

8. Parse (10) in full, account for the case of (11), 
and give the parts of (12). 

9. Parse (13) in full. 

10. Account for both the mode and the tense of 
(14). 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the articles of an East Indian cargo. 
Describe a continuous voyage from India to St. 
Petersburgh, giving approximate directions and 
distances. 

2. Describe and account for the climate of Cali- 
fornia. 

3. Account for the terms equator, isotlierinal, arc- 
tic, tropic, peninsula, mevidtan, promontory, antipo- 
des, and equinox. 

4. Describe the constant winds of the earth. 

5. Name all the conditions on ■which the regular 
change of seasons depends. 

6. Name in order the leading tributaries of the 
Mississippi river. 

7. Sketch a map of South America, including es- 
sential details. 

8. Locate New York, Liverpool, Lyons, Athens, 
and Sydney. 

9. In what great drainage systems is New York 
State situated? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. cxxxvli 

10. Describe a method of teaching primary geog- 
raphy. 



WRITING. 

1. What is your method of teaching writing in 
primary grades? Why? 

3. Is the writing class a necessity of scliool work? 
Wliy? 

3. Give a general outline of your metliod of con- 
duct! ug writing classes, 

4. Form and analyze A, B, G, Y. 

5. Form and analyze a, b, g, y. 

6i What is the unit of height, and what the unit 
of width, for the small letters? 

7. Which letters require three times the unit of 
height? 

8. Which require twice the unit of height? 

9. Describe proper position at the desk. 

10. Describe proper mode of holding the pen. 



DRAWING. 

1. Name the leading objects to be attained by 
drawing in the schools. 

2. To what other studies is it related? 

3. What is perspective drawing? 

4. State its universal law. 

5. Explain what is meant by point of sight and Bee- 
%ng in space. 

6. Illustrate foreshortening. 



cxxxviii TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

7. State the effect of distance upon the representa- 
tion of lines in various directions in object drawing, 

8. State and illustrate the effect of position upon 
a circular object, as a plate, showing it in three po- 
sitions. 

9. Draw a cube viewed obliquely, and give reasons 
for the length and direction of lines as represented. 

10. Draw an upright cylinder. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Define grammar in its technical sense. 

2. State the place of technical grammar in a course 
of instruction, and give three reasons for studying it. 

3. Fix the place of composition, and state its re- 
lationship to technical grammar. 

4. Give reasons for an order of precedence in the 
study of etymology and syntax. 

5. Why are certain parts called the principal parti 
of a verb. Illustrate. 

6. Define sentence, clause, and proposition. 

7. In how many ways may clauses be classified? 
Illustrate. 

8. Give examples of the different uses of ihe parti 
ciple, also examples in which the form and function 
do not correspond. 

9. Give reasons for the use of the terms declension, 
inflection, conjugation, preposition, and interjection, 

10. Analyze and parse : 

"Breathes there a man with soul so dead 

Who never to himself hath said 

' This is my own, my native land '? " 



NEW JOBK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. cxxxix 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. Write a composition of at least a hundred words, 

2. Define puHty, pi'opriety, and precision. 

3. Name the requisites of good style. 

4. Name the different varieties of style. 

5. Name and define the figures employed in com- 
position. 

6. State some faults prevalent among untrained 
writers. 

7. State some prerequisites of good composition, 

8. Explain what is meant by slang, provincialisms y 
and vulgarisms. 

9. Make the distinction between wit and humor^ 

10. Describe a method of teaching composition in 
primary grades. State the principles of the method. 



READING. 

1. State in detail the qualities that characterize 
good reading. 

2. Give a complete classification of reading matter.. 

3. Define modulation, and give one illustration. 

4. Define articulation, pitch, rate, and emphasis. 

5. State the physical conditions of good reading. 

6. State the liinitations of imitation in reading. 

7. State the uses and limitations of concert read- 
ing. 

8. Name three errors that you have noticed in the 
instruction of reading classes, and state the princi- 
ple violated in each case. 

9 State the distinctive features of public reading. 



cxl TENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

10. Describe a method of teaching primary read- 
ing, and give reasons for the several steps. 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. Name the oldest English Epic, and give the 
argument. 

3. What great Italian man of letters was a con- 
temporary and probably a friend of Chaucer? 

3. Mention the best known {a) of Chaucer's works, 
(b) of his distinguished Italian contemporary. 

4. Into what three periods may English literature 
be divided? Give some reasons for this division. 

5. {a) Mention at least one writer of the earliest 
period, and give the name and character of one of 
his works. (&) To which period belonged Mande- 
ville, Wycliffe, and Gower; and in what department 
of literature did each gain eminence? (c) Who 
wrote the Piers Ploughman Series? {d) Mention the 
greatest non-dramatic poet, the most eminent dram- 
atists, and the most distinguished prose writer of the 
16th century, and give the title of at least one of the 
works of each. (<?) Who were the "Lake Poets " ? 

6. In which department of poetry do you class {a) 
Paradise Lost, (b) UAlegro, (c) Ghilde Harold, (d) 
Elegy in a Country Church Yard, (e) Bridge of Sighs, 
if) Essay on Man, (g) Alexander's Feast, Qi) The 
American Flag ? 

7. Name the authors of the following: {a) Iliad, 
<6) (Edipus Tyrannus, (c) The Captives, (d) Meta- 
morphoses, {e) Qeorgics, (/) Co7nmentaries ontlie Gal- 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 23, 1882. cxil 



lie War, (g) The Inferno, (h) TTie Dunciad, and («> 
Don Quixote. 

8. Assign each of the foregoing works to its ai> 
propriate department of literature, and mention the 
period in which its author lived. 

9. In American literature mention {a) five dis- 
tinguished poets and their principal works, (5) three 
distinguished novelists and their chief works, (c) 
three distinguished historians and their works, {dy 
the character of The Federalist and the names of its 
authors, {e) two distinguished writers on Jurispru- 
dence and Municipal Law, and (/) three distin- 
guished writers on scientific subjects. 

10. Can you mention an American Epic and its 
author? 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. Mention, with names and dates, the facts on 
which European nations laid claim to North Ameri- 
can territory, prior to the Revolution. 

2. Describe approximately the location of these 
claims. 

8. Mention the leading motives which actuated 
the pioneers in the colonization of (a) Massachusetts, 
(b) Connecticut, (c) Rhode Island, {d) Maryland, {e) 
Georgia, and (/) Pennsylvania. 

4. What was the remote, and what the immediate, 
cause of the French and Indian war? 

5. Mention the events of that war which form 
part of the history of this State. 



cxiii TEN TH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 

6. Mention four decisive battles of the Revolution, 
and state your reasons for considering them decisive. 

7. Mention all our important acquisitions of ter- 
ritory since the Revolution, and state how they were 
gained (with dates). 

8. Of the second war with Great Britain, give 
brief descriptions of {a) the most important battle 
engaging both land and naval forces, (p) the most 
decisive naval battle on the lakes, (c) two important 
naval engagements on the ocean, and {d) the last 
important battle of the war. Give also (e) the chief 
cause of the war. 

9. Of the late Rebellion, mention {a) three most 
important military events during the first half of 
July, 1863, and give the chief results of each, (b) 
Give dates of [1] attack on Fort Sumter, [2] Eman- 
cipation Proclamation, [3] Lee's Surrender, and [4] 
the Assassination of Lincoln, (c) State the chief 
difference between the Reconstruction Policy of 
President Johnson and that of Congress. . 

10. Mention (with briefly stated reasons for so 
considering them) five events of the last fifteen years, 
that, in your opinion, have materially affected this 
Nation politically, socially, or industrially. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Name the three great periods of history. State 
the time embraced in each, and the events marking 
their separation, 

2. Name, in order, the controlling nations of tho 
first period. 



IfEW TOBK, ETC., JUNE 28, 18^. cxllll 

3. State some effects of each of the followmg con- 
quests : The Greek, The Roman, The Mohammed- 
an, The Nornaan 

4. Name the most illustrious persons of the Renais- 
sance period. Tell to what country each belonged, 
and in what respect each distinguished himself. 

5. Give an account of Charles V. 

6. State what you know of modern colonization. 

7. Give an account of Napoleon I. 

8. Name the leading explorers of the nineteenth 
century. 

9. Give a synopsis of the history of Turkey for 
the last thirty years. 

10. State the place of general history in a cour«» 
of education, and indicate a method of teaching it. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name the members of the President's Cabinet, 
and give their antecedents. 

2. Mention the different bureaus of the Interior 
Department, and give their respective functions. 

3. Mention three marked differences between the 
Constitution and the Articles of Confederation, and 
give reasons for the change. 

4. Give reasons for the long term of Senators and 
the short term of Representatives. 

5. How is the U. S. Senate made a peipetual 
body, and why is it so constituted? 

6. Can a member of Congress be a member of the 
U. S. Supreme Court? What general principle of 



cxliv TENTH STATE EXAMINA TION. 

government underlies the constitutional provision 
"with regard to this ? 

7. Make a table showing the corresponding 
departments of the United States and New York 
State governments. 

8. What marked difference between the mode of 
constituting the judiciary of the United States and 
that of New York? 

9. What county officer is not, eligible for succes- 
sive terms? 

10. What county officer is required to have pro- 
fessional qualifications for eligibility? 



BOTANY. 

1. Give three classifications of plants, and state 
the basis of each classification. 

2. Describe the following leaves: the maple, the 
ash, the elm, the willow. 

3. State the varieties of inflorescence, giving ex- 
amples of each. 

4. Name all the parts of a flower. 

5. State the functions of the leaf, the corolla, the 
stigma, the anther. 

6. Name the leading plants of the different zones 
of the eaith. 

7. Mention the parts of plants that are used as 
food. 

8. Name the parts of a fruit. 

9. Name the leading plants idigenous to New York 
State. 

10. When and how should Botany be first taugiit? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 18b2. cxlv 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. Give the etymology of the word ZoOlogy, and 
define it, 

2. What is the application of the term fauna? 

3. To what kinds of auimals do you apply re- 
spectively the terms {a) vertebrata, ip) radiata, (c) 
articulata, and {d) mollusca? 

4. Give the etymology of the foregoing terms. 

5. Assign the following to appropriate classes: {a) 
a cow, {h) a red squirrel, (c) a panther, [d) an oyster, 
{e) an elephant, (/) a tiy, {g) a swan, and (A) a whale. 

6. Is the common expression, "coral insect," sci- 
entifically correct? Why? 

7. Arrange, in proper order, ihe terms variety, di- 
vision, order, species, and genus. 

8. Define the foregoing terms, and illustrate their 
use. 

9. What is the place of Zoology in a course of 
study ? 

10. Describs your method of teaching Zoology. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Describe the process of respiration and its 
clfects. 

2. Name the bones in the arm and hand. 

3. Trace food in its several stages, from mastica- 
tion to assimilation. 

4. Explain the action of the heart. 

5. Name the principal divisions of the rteivous 
system. 



cxlvi TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

6. Specify the injuries that may result from un- 
suitable seats and desks. 

7. Give physiological reasons for keeping a school 
room clean and well ventilated. 

8. State precautions to be observed in regard to 
admitting light into the school- room. Give reasons. 

9. Give reasons for not engaging in mental work 
immediately after eating a hearty meal. 

10. Specify the injuries that result from drafts 
and damp clothing. 

PHYSICS. 

1. What is matter? 

2. What is a general property of matter? 

8. Name and define four general properties of 
matter. 

4. A ball is hurled from the ground vertically with 
such velocity that it ascends 176 feet the first second. 
To what height will it ascend, and in how many 
seconds return? 

5. A 200 pound weight is attached to a six-foot 
lever six inches from one end (fulcrum), and to the 
other end is attached a movable pulley. A rope 
fastened to the ceiling goes through this movable 
pulley and over a fixed pulley fastened to the ceil- 
ing. What weight must be attached to the free end 
of the rope to balance the weight on the lever (fric- 
tion and weight of rope, pulleys, and lever not con- 
sidered)? 

6. llluptrate by a figure and explain how a vessel 
may sail eastward with a north wind. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1S82. cxlvil 

7. Give the theory of the color of objects (to ex- 
plain why some are blue, others red, etc.). 

8. What influence have variations of density and 
temperature upon velocity of sound in air? 

9. Describe and explain some good means of ven- 
tilating a school-room. 

10. Explain the phenomena of lightning and thun- 
der. 



CHEMISTRY. 

1. Mention in full the differences between aflBnity 
and attraction of cohesion, 

2. What is an element? 

3. Do the specific properties of elements afford a 
means of ascertaining the specific properties of com- 
pounds? Illustrate. 

4. Do the equivalents of elements afford a means 
of ascertaining the equivalents of compounds? Il- 
lustrate. 

5. What influence have heat and solution upon 
chemical action? Why? 

6. Of what is the air composed? 

7. Is air a mixture or a compound? Explain. 

8. What relation to digestion has common salt in 
food? 

9. Explain the action of yeast in bread making, 
and of sour milk in biscuit making. 

10. How do you teach Elementary Chemistry? 



GEOLOGY. 
1. Mention the great geological eras in order. 



CxlTiii TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

2. Give the salient characteristics of each era. 

3. Give a general classification of rocks. 

4. Account for the name applied to each class. 
' 5. Define the terms shale and schist. 

6. What is the chief difference between shale, 
slate, and grit? 

7. Give a brief statement of the Neptunist and the 
Plutouist theories. 

8. Mention the leading geological features of your 
own county. 

9. In what geological formation would you look 
for trilobites? 

10. Would you expect to find coal in Central New 
York? Why? 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Name in order the planets of the Solar System. 

2. Describe the orbit of the earth. State the law 
of planetary revolution, and state all the effects of 
this law in the case of the earth. 

3. State the causes and effects of the precession of 
the equinoxes. 

4. Name all the eclipses, and state all the condi- 
tions under which they occur. 

5. Explain the nodes of the moon. 

6. Give a complete account of the * 'harvest moon." 

7. Name all the constellations of the Zodiac. Ac- 
count for the terms constellation, zodiac, solstice. 

8. Name ten constellations [of the northern hea- 
vens, and the brightest star in each. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. cxllx 

9. Name the principal nebulee, and tell what you 
know of their nature. 

10. Give an account of the sun. 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Give the distinguishing characteristics of pri- 
mary and advanced teaching. 

2. Define the term study. 

3. Describe a method of conducting an advanced 
recitaiion. 

4. State the purposes of an advanced recitation. 

5. State the purposes of a primary recitation, 

6. Distinguish between primary and advanced 
employments. 

7. Give a complete list of the appliances needed 
in teaching. 

8. State some of the uses and abuses of school 
sports. 

9. Slate all the principles on which you would 
make a daily programme. 

10. Give an account of the movements necessary 
to orderly school work. 



SCHOOL LAW. 

i. Mention the different classes and grades of cer- 
tificates and licenses to teach. 

2. By whom are they respectively granted? 

3. For w^hat causes and by whom may they be 
annulled? 



ti elevi;nth sta te examina tion. 

4. How is a pupil appointed to a normal school? 

5. What priyileges does this appointment confer? 

6. What are the terms of office of (a) the state 
Superintendent, (6) Scho©l Commissioners, and (c) 
School Trustees? 

7. By whom are they respectively elected to office? 

8. Who are qualified to Tote at school meetings? 

9. Give an account of the different items that con- 
stitute the public money for the support of schools. 

10. What are the duties of Loan Commissioners? 

Eleyentli Examinatiofl for State Certificates, 

Held Simultaneously, July 11, 1883, at 
New York, Albany, Binghamton, Rochestbb, 

AND WaTERTOWN. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. How does the process of adding integers differ 
from that of adding compound numbers? Whai 
causes this difference? 

2. Give the reasons for the two methods of pro- 
cedure, when a subtrahend figure expresses more 
units thau a minuend figure of the same order of 
units. 

3. Prove that the quotient of a fraction divided 
by a fraction, equals the product of the dividend 
multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor. 

4. Give and solve a problem illustrating each kind 
of commission. 



NSW YORK, ETC., JULY U.l^SQ. dj 



Solve and explain the following problems: 
6. I bought 80 pounds of beef for 9.65, paying ^ 
cent per pound more for 50 pounds of it than for 
the remainder. How much did I pay for the 50 
pounds ? How much for the 30 pounds ? 

6. Which is the better investment, 6 per cent 
stocks at 20 per cent discount, or 10 per cent stocks 
at 80 per cent premium ? How much the better ? 

7. April 10, 1881, a note was given for $1, 680, at 
6 per cent interest. Payments were made Jan. 19, 
1882, of $375, and Nov. 3, 1883, of $60. How much 
was due Jan. 5, 1883 ? 

8. I bought a pair of horses at $450, and sold 
them at 20 per cent alvance, receiving in payment 
a note due in 1 year 3 months 15 days, at 6 per cent 
interest. Eight months afterward I sold the note 
for $550. What rate of interest did I receive on the 
note ? If the note was paid at maturity, what rate 
of interest did the buyer receive on his investment ? 

9. An oblong field containing 36.1 acres is four 
times as long as it is wide. What is the distance 
between its diagonal corners ? 

10. If in 20.16 days of llj hours each, 12 brick- 
layers lay a wall 126 feet long, 28 feet high, and 1^ 
feet thick, in how many days of 12 hours each will 
9 bricklayers lay a wall 96 feet long, 21 feet high, 
and \l feet thick ? 

(Solve by proportion.) 

BOOKKEEPING. 

1. What is the difference between single and 
double entry ? 



Clll ELEVENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. 

3. "Why is double entry preferable to single entry? 

3. In double entry what is the fundamental rule 
regarding debits and credits of journal entries ? 

4. In a cash account for what is cash debtor ? 
For what is cash creditor ? 

5. Write a single-entry cash account for to-day, 
with 7 debits and 3 credits. Balance this ^c, and 
explain the process. 

6. Explain the manner of making a balance sheet. 

7. Name seven essential elements of a promissory 
note. 

8. Write a promissory note negotiable with en- 
dorsement. 

9. Write a bankable note. Describe the course 
to be pursued to have this note discounted, or to 
put it through the bank. 

10. Sell a gold watch for $175, and receive $50 
cash and a promissory note at 3 months for the bal- 
ance. Draw your receipt in full, stating in it the 
details of this transaction. 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Define {a) coeflScient, (J) exponent, (c) a radical 
quantity, (d!) an equation, {e) an affected quadratic 
equation. 

2. Subtract a negative quantity from a positive 
quantity, and give reasons for the process. 

3. Show that the product of two negative quanti- 
ties is a positive quantity. 

4 Solve the equation : 

9x + ^-13 + 5j£^ll^.^_|_4jx. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. ciiU 

5. State the methods of elimmation, and give 
defiaite directions for each method. 

6. Find the literal value of x in the equation, — 

x4-m= ('m8 + x/y/n8 + x)j 

7. Expand by, the binomial formula, (a* — 3x)*. 

8. Factor the quantity Slx^ — 36 x + 15. 

Write the work in full. 

9. Derive the formula for the sum of an arithmeti- 
cal series, when the extremes and the number of 
terms are given. 

10. A certain number is expressed by three 
figures; 5 times the value expressed by the left hand 
figure is 2 less than 3 times the value expressed by 
the right hand figure; the sum of the values ex- 
pressed by the three figures is 4 times the value ex- 
pressed by the left-hand figure; and the product of 
the values expressed by the left hand and right- 
hand figures is four more than the sum of the values 
expressed by three figures. What is the number ? 



GEOMETRY. 

1. What name is given to extension of one dimen- 
sion? Two dimensions ? Three dimensions ? 

3. Define {a) a scalene triangle, {b) a secant, (c) a 
regular polygon, {d) a pentagonal prism, {e) the frus- 
tum of a cone. 

By geometrical demonstration, — 

3. Show the difference between an angle of an 
equilateral triangle and an exterior angle of an oc- 
tagon. 



my ELEVENTH S TA TE EX A MINA Tl ON. 

4, Show the ratio of the area of a square con 
structed on the semi-diagonal of the first. 

5. Show the difference between the square of the 
diameter of a circle and the square of a chord of 60". 

> Show the measure of an angle formed by the 
intersection of two chords. 

7. Draw two parallel straight lines, and one 
straight line instersecting these two lines. State 
eight propositions deducible from this figure. 

8. Let a represent the longer of two lines of 
unequal length, and b the shorter. Prove geometri- 
cally that 

(a-f b) X (a — b) = a«—b« 

9. Deduce the rule for finding the volume of a 
pyramid. 

10. How much of geometry should be taught to 
pupils below a high school grade ? In what manner 
should this instruction be given? 

C^SAR. 

(1) Postridie ejus (3) diei, quod omnino (3) bid- 
uum supererat, quum (4) excKjitui frumentum 
metiri (5) oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido 
Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo. non (6) 
amplius (7) miMibus (8) passuum XVIII aberat, (9) 
rei frumenlariae (10) prospiciendum existimavit ; 
iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac (11) Bibracte ire con- 
endit. Ea res per fugitivos L. ^milii, decurionis 
equitum Gallorum, hostibus nunciatur. Helvetii, 
seu quod (12) timore perterritos (13) Romanes dis 
cedere extstiinarent^ (14) eo magis, quod (15) pridie, 



NEW YOR K, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cly 

(16) superioribus locis occupatis, prcelium non com- 
misissent, sive quod (18) re frumentaria (19) inter- 
cludi (20) posse confiderent, commutato consilio 
atque (21) itinere converso, nostros a novissimo 
agmine iusequi ac lacessere cceperuat. * * * * 
Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes civitatum 
qui ante fuerant, ad Csesarem reverterunt petierunt- 
que, uti sibi secreto de sua (22) onmiumque saldte 
cum 60 agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes 
flentes Csesari ad pedes projecerunt: Non minus se 
id (23) contendere et laborare, ne ea, qu£e (24) dixis- 
sent, (25) eiiunciarentur, quam uti ea, qnffi velient 
(26) impetrarent; ,propterea quod, si enunciatum 
esset, summum in (27) cruciatum se vonturos vid- 
erent. 

^- B.— The numbers in parentheses designate the 
words which they precede. 

1. Translate, 

2. Give the derivation of (1), (3), and (15). 
8. Dispose of (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8). 

4. Write the Latin word for XVIII, and parse (9> 
and (10). 

6. Give the syntax of (11), (12), and (13). 

6. Parse and discuss (14). 

7. Parse (16), (17), and (18). 

8. Give the parts of (19), and parse (20) and (21). 

9. Parse que in (22), and account for the modes 
and tenses of (23), (24), and (25). 

10. Account for the mode and tense of (26) and 
parse (27). 



civl ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION, 

GEOGPv:iPHY. 

1. Discuss the trepics and polar circles. 

2. Give the evidences of the sphericity of the 
earth. 

3. Discuss latitude and longitude, and the uses 
thereof. 

4. Give general physical description of New York, 
with illustrative map. 

5. Give staple productions of the United States, 
and the regions of each. 

6. Describe the general relief and drainage of the 
Western Continent. 

7. Account for the climate of South America west 
of the Andes. 

8. Describe the races of men, and give their gen- 
eral distribution. 

9. Give position and direction of six principal 
mountain ranges of the Eastern Continent. 

10. A trading vessel from New York exchanges 
cargoes at each of the following places: Rio Janeiro, 
Liverpool, Havana, Hamburg, Boston, Hong Kong, 
New York. What are the routes, and what the 
probable cargoes ? 

DRAWING. 

1. State in detail the object of drawing as a 
school exercise. 

2. What kind of drawing is best calculated to in- 
terest primary classes ? How should it be intro- 
duced ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clvH 

8. What advantage has constructive drawing over 
imitative drawing ? 

4. What forms should the pupil be early taught 
to construct, classify, and describe ? Give six 
illustrations. 

5. Of what use is geometric drawing in object 
drawing ? Give illustrations. 

6. What kinds of drawing preserve exact dimeu* 
aions ? What kind represents appearances ? 

7. Give two general laws of perspective. 

8. What is industrial drawing, and what prepara- 
tion for it is necessary ? 

9. Of what use is drawing, in the study of the 
natural sciences ? Give illustrations. 

10. Draw in outline a cylinder, a cone, and a 
cube. 



GRAMiMAR. 

1. Define (a) Grammar, (b) Etymology, and (c> 
Syntax. 
• 2. Discuss the relation of Etymology to Syntax. 

3. Define and discuss case. 

4. Specify the relations in which the objective 
case is used. 

5. ' ' General Cass opinion of Hulls surrender wa» 
freely expressed for conscience sake. " — ConUmpoi'- 
ary Wnter. 

Write the foregoing sentence, correctly, indicating 
the possessives. 

"A good (a) man and an angel, (b) these between 



clviii ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

How thin the (c) barrier 1 (d) What divides thei» 

fate? 
Perhaps a (e) moment, or perhaps a year; 
Or if an age, it is a moment (f) still, 
A (s;) moment, or (h) eternity's forgot. 
Life is much flattered. Death is much traduced; 
Compare the rivals, and the (i) kinder crown."— 

Young. 
N. B.— The letters in parentheses designate the 
words which follow them. 

6. Give the Syntax of (a), (b), and (c). 

7. Parse (d), (e), and (f). 

8. Give the Syntax of (g) and (h). 

9. Analyze the last line of the foregoing select* 
ion, and parse (i). 

10. (a) Discuss the relation of technical grammar 
to the use of language, and (b) name the propei 
conditions of the study of technical grammar. 



COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. What is Composition ? • 

2. What is Rhetoric ? 

3. What are the qualities of style f 

4. Discuss perspicuity, 

5. Mention some characteristics of obscure style. 

6. Mention some qualities that render style ani- 
mated and interesting. 

7. (a) Give the definition and state the rhetorical 
vahie of personification and apostrophe, and (b) dis- 
cues the relation of these figures. 



NEW YORK. ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cllx 

8. Give (a) the proper place of Composition in a 
school course, and (b) an outline of your method ol 
teaching it. 

9. Give (a) the proper place of Rhetoric in a 
school course, and (b) an outline of your method of 
teaching it. 

10. Discuss^ the relation of Composition and Rhet- 
oric. 

READING. 

1. Give reasons for discarding the old method of 
teaching reading by first teaching the alphabet. 

2. Discuss the question of the propriety of dicta- 
tion exercises in spelling. 

3. What are the causes of the usual school-room 
tone, or monotonous reading? How may it be 
avoided? How cured, when the habit is once 
formed? 

4. What kind of reading matter should be given 
to primary classes? How may it be obtained? 

5. What advantages arise from having reading 
and writing associated from the first? 

6. While the pupil is trying to express his 
thoughts in writing, what incidental instruction may 
be gained? 

7. What attention should be given to a primary 
lesson in reading, before recitation? What after? 

8. What means may be employed to excite an 
interest in reading? 

9. Discuss Elocution in its relations to a school 
course. 



Clx ELEVENTH STATE EXAMIATION. 

10. What are the objects to be attained in learning 
to read? What their relative importance? 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. What nations, previous to the Christian era, 
had a literature? 

2. What was the leading ancient literature, and 
what were its principal departments? 

3. Name three works of Greek Literature, and 
give characteristics of each. 

4. Name three writers of the Italian Renaissance 
in literature, and the departments to which their 
works respectively belong. 

5. What great writer and work marked the 
revival of letters in Spain? 

6. Name a great English satirist and novel writer, 
and three of his works. 

7. Name two' living English poets, two scientific 
writers, two novelists, two historians, and some of 
the works of each. 

8. Name three living American poets, and give 
the characteristics of the works of each. 

9. Name five noted American historians, and the 
principal works of each. 

10. What are the characteristics of the literature 
of tO'day as distinguished from that of the last cen- 
tury? 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 
1. Give some account of the discovery and settle- 
ment of New York. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clxl 

2. Enumerate the important events of the Revo- 
lution that took place in the State, 

3. Give some account of the important events of 
the war of 1812 that took place in the State. 

4. Enumerate some of the principal events that 
took place in and around Boston from 1770 to 1776, 
inclusive. 

5. Give some account of Ticonde.-oga. 

6. Mention some of the compromises of the Con- 
stitution. 

7. What motives and conditions have caused and 
given direction to the settlement of our territory? 

8. Name six distinguished American statesmen, 
and give the leading idea which each represented. 

9. Give some account of Abraham Lincoln. 

10. Give a history of our national currency. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Enumerate the succession of nations that dom- 
inated the most civilized portions of the world, down 
to the Christian era. 

2. What ancient people contributed most to the 
intellectual and aesthetic development of the world? 
Give illustrations. 

3. Give some account of the Trojan war, and of 
the literary productions to which it gave rise. 

4. What were some of the characteristics of the 
Roman people, and what did they contribute to the 
civilization of the world? 

5. Mention some of the causes which contributed 
to the downfall of Athens, Sparta, Rome. 



clxU ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION 

6. Describe some notable events in French history 
which have had a tendency to shape the destiny of 
the French people. 

7. Give some account of German history for the 
last twenty years. 

8. Give some account of the events which led to 
the consolidation of the provinces of Italy. 

0. Give some account of the recent war in Egypt 
10. Give some account of the internal condition of 
Russia. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What conditions of society necessitate govern- 
ment ? 

2. What should government serve ? Of what are 
the governmental officers servants ? 

3. In the smallest municipalities of civilized 
society, what functions of government and what 
oflBces are necessary ? 

4. In a township of the State of New York what 
functions of government are performed, and what 
are the corresponding officers ? 

5. What are the various governmental units in the 
United States ? Why is the country so divided ? 

6. Give the name of the executive offices in the 
various governmental units — from town or town- 
ship to nation. 

7. What are the two general functions of the 
judiciary department ? 

8. Give an account of the means employed for the 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clxlll 



performance of the function of justice in the State 
of New York. 

9. Give some account of the Department of Public 
Instruction in its relation to the government of the 
State. 

10. What evils are incident to our form of govern- 
ment in regard to offices and official conduct ? 
What proverbial saying contains the condition of 
Ihe safety of the people ? 

BOTANY. 

1. What are the essential parts of a plant, and 
^hat are the functions of each ? 

2. Comparing an oak, a lilac, and aspire of grass, 
what differences do we observe in the stalk; and to 
what divisions do these differences give rise ? 

3. Comparing the leaf of an oak, a maple, and a 
plantain, what differences do we observe ? 

3. Comparing the cross-section of a corn-stalk 
with that of a maple, what peculiarities do we no- 
tice? What do they indicate ? To what classifica- 
tion do they lead ? 

5. Comparing the pine and the elm, what is the 
most striking difference; and what names are given 
to the classes which this difference indicates ? 

6. Mention five common evergreen conifers, and 
one that is deciduous. 

7. Give examples of cryptogams, and describe the 
peculiarities of the class. 

8. Describe some of the different means by which 
plants climb. 



Clxiv ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 



9. Mention some of the ways by which the flowers 
of plants are fertilized. 

10. Give examples of changes in plants that have 
been caused by cultivation. 



ZOOLOGY. 

1, Mention some of the object-lessons which may 
be given upon the human body. 

2. Compare the human body with that of a cat; 
point out resemblances and differences. 

3 Make comparisons between the cat, dog, horse, 
and cow, and point out adaptations to uses. 

4. Compare the foregoing with a hen, duck and 
goose, showing resemblances, differences, , and 
adaptations 

5. Give some account of the different classes of 
birds; the characteristics of each, and the adapta- 
tion of structure to habit. 

6. Show in what way a fish resembles the animalsk 
already described. 

7. What general name is given to the division of 
animals which includes reptiles, in addition to all 
the above? "What are the characteristics of the 
division ? 

8. Give some account of ants. 

9. Give some account of the mosquito and ita 
transformations. 

10. As a matter of education, what good will 
result from the study of Zoology ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cixv 

-^i— ^— — 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What are the physical conditions necessary to 
success in study ? 

2. What particular injuries result from improper 
attitudes in the school-room ? 

3. What injuries result from protracted mental 
application ? 

4. What symptons indicate the presence of impure 
air? 

5. Describe some simple mode of ventilation. 

6. Describe in detail the mechanical and funct- 
ional actions of the lungs. 

7. Give an account of the symphathetic nerves. 

8. Describe the different methods of articulation 
in the human skeleton. Give examples. 

9. Name the tissues of the human body. 

10. Give illustration of improper methods of 
punishment, from a hygienic standpoint. 



PHYSICS. 

1. What is meant by the "indestructibility of 
matter ?" Give illustrations. 

3. What is meant by the " persistence of force ?" 
•QtiYt illustrations. 

3. When and why does a clear body of water 
appear shallower than it really is ? 

4. Explain the action of lenses; of mirrors. 

5. Explain the "echo." . 

6. Explain the action of a syphon. Givei Uus- 
4 ration of natural syphons. 



Clxvi ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

7. What is "explosion," and upon what does the 
destructive force depend ? 

8. Give six concrete examples of compound mo- 
tion. 

9. Show the mechanical relation of the screw to 
the inclined plane. 

10. Explain the principle of action of the suction^ 
force, and lifting pumps. 



CHEMISTRY. 

1. If muriatic and acid be poured upon marble, 
(a) what will be the phenomena, and (b) what the- 
resulting products ? 

2. Which of these products are found in the air, 
and in what proportions in a healthful atmospere ? 

3. (a) Define allotropism, and (b) mention the alio- 
tropic forms of Cand 0. 

4. Discuss the compounds of C and 0. 

. 5. Give theory of the formation of coal. 

6. If a spark be applied to a mixture of 18 grains 
of 0, and just sufficient ^to unite chemically with 
all the 0, (a) what will be the phenomena ? (b) 
What compound will be formed ? (c) How much 
of it? 

7. (a) Define isomerism, and (b) give some ex- 
amples of it. 

8. (a) Define compound radicals, (b) give some ex- 
imple of them, and (c) state the department of 
Dhemistry in which they abound. 

9. Discuss starch. 

10. Discuss fermentation. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY II, 1883. clxvil 



GEOLOGY. 

1. Define (a) Geology, (b) Lithology, and (c) Pal- 
eontology. 

2. Mention the great geological epochs, designat- 
ing them with reference to the absence or presence 
of life and its development into higher forms. 

3. Classify rocks according to the modes of their 
formation, and subdivide these classes. 

4. Assign to their proper classes (a) limestone, (b) 
granite, (c) quartz, (d) Medina sandstone, (e) rock 
salt, and (f) coal. 

5. Give the general name of the rocks which 
formed the first dry land. 

6. Give (a) the general divisions of the tertiary 
strata in order, and (b) the etymology of the names. 

7. Of what part (dept) of the earth's crust have 
geologists a fairly reliable knowledge ? 

8. Give three or more arguments in support of the 
theory of internal heat. 

9. Assuming the earth's surface temperature at 
sea level to be + 40 deg. F.. and not reckoning dif- 
ference of atmosperic pressure and force of gravity, 
at what appoximate minimum depth would you 
judge the reservoir of a boiling spring to be ? 

10. Discuss the practical aspects of Geology. 

ASTRONOMY. 

1. Name and define, all the kinds of bodies which 
compose the Solar System. 

2. Name and define, as far as is known, all the 



Clxviii ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 



kinds of bodies which compose the visible heavens 
outside of the Solar System. 

3. Give particular description of Venus, Jupiter, 
and Saturn, as seen from the earth. 

4 Give some account of the discovery of the 
planet Neptune. 

5. In the Solar System, what is found between 
Mars and Jupiter? What is the theory which ac- 
counts for the same? 

6. Explain and illustrate by diagram what is 
meant, in planetary motion, by " passing over equal 
spaces in equal times." 

7. What is the general law of gravitation? in 
applying this law to the relation of the earth to other 
bodies, what is taken as the unit of measure? 

8. What is a constellation? How do the signs of 
the Zodiac differ from other contellations? 

9. Give some account of the nebular hypothesis 
of the universe. 

10. Enumerate some of the economic uses of as- 
tronomic knowledge. 



METHODS. 

1. What are the distinguishing characteristics of 
proper subjects of study for children? 

3. What powers of mind are most active in child- 
hood? How are they best trained? 

3. What are the uses of object-lessons in primary 
teaching? 

4. In every lesson, what besides the thought, 
should receive special attention? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1884. clxix 

5. How is expression, both oral and written, most 
easily and certain taught? 

6. Subjects of an abstract character and those 
which appeal mainly to reason, belong to what part 
of the school course? Give illustrations. 

7. Give three generally accepted laws in regard to 
primary teaching, with illustrations of each. 

8. What is rote- teaching, and what is its educa- 
tional value? 

9. Give tests for determining the value of methods 
used. 

10. State some of the differences in aims and 
results between methods now generally advocated 
by advanced teachers, and the methods which they 
are superceding. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. What are the general duties of the Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction? 

2. From what sources is the fund derived which 
supports public schools? 

3. Give some account of the organization, instruc- 
tion, and method of support of teachers' institutes, 
and of the rights and duties of teachers in regard to 
them. 

4. Name all the varieties of certificates issued to 
teachers, and state the source and value of each. 

5. How may a State certificate be annulled, and 
for what reasons? 

6. For what reasons may a trustee cancel the con- 
tract with a teacher? 



clxx TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION, 

7. What are the powers and duties of the Regents 
of the University? 

8. What certificates are issued by the Regents, 
and what is the value of each? 

9. Over what departments of the public schools 
do the Regents have control? 

10. What rights has the State in Cornell Univer- 
sity, and what is the source of these rights? 



Twelftli EiamiBatioii for State Certificates. 

Held simultaneously July 1, 1884, cit 
New York, Albany, Binghamton, Rochester 

AND WatERTOWN. 



ARITHMETIC. 
N. B. In solving problems give complete work, 
or indicate all operations by symbols, and all steps 
oy equations. 

1. Multiply 1^ by I and explain the process. 

2. Prove, without using common fractions, that 

. 06 X. 025 =.0015/ 

3. When and why is it necessary to use reductions 
of compound numbers ? 

4. Find the greatest common divisor of 168, 280^ 
182, and 252; and the least common multiple of 31^ 
35, 7, 100, 15, 28, and 125. 



NEW YORK, ETC , JULY 1, 1884. clxxi 

5. Find the date of maturity and the proceeds of 
the following note: 

$756x«^ Albany, July 5, 1884. 

Sixty days after date I promise to pay to 

the order of Henry K. Brown, at the Albany Ex- 

cange Bank, seven hundred fifty six and ^"^, for 

value received. 

Edward M. Warren. 

6. The difference between Central Standard Time 
and "Washington Observatory Time is 51 min. 59^ 
see. What is the longitude W. from Greenwich 
of the Washington Observatory ? 

7. A rectangular bin holds 1,000 bushels of wheat,, 
by measure; and its width and length are, res- 
pectively, 2 and 4 times its depth. What are the 
inside dimensions of the bin ? 

8. If 15 men excavate a railroad cutting 75 rd. 
long and averaging 30 ft. wide and 17 ft. 6 in. deep, 
of 4 degrees of hardness, in 54 days of 10 hours 
each; in how many days of 11 h. 15 min. each will 
24 men excavate a cutting 100 rd. 'long and averag- 
ing 27. 5 ft. wide and 12. 75 ft. deep, of 7 degrees of 
hardness? 

9. If you deposit $2 per week in a savings bank 
that pays 4 per cent, per annum on quarterly balance, 
how much will have you on deposit at the end of 
three years? 

10. At what price must I buy Government 3 per 
cent, bonds to realize 7 per oent. on my investments 



«Ixxli TWELFTH STATE EXkMISATION. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. For what is a person debtor to you? For what 
is he creditor? 

2. In single-entry book keeping, what business 
transactions are recorded in a day book? 

3. State the uses of the ledger. 

4. Explain the process of posting. 

5. In a cash account, what items are debtor 
items? What are creditor items? 

9. With what must the balance of Cash Account 
always agree? 

7. For what is the party owning a set of books to 
fee debited, in his personal account? For what 
credited? 

8. Make out a grocer's itemized bill against a 
customer, for goods bought to day. 

6. What memorandum is made at the foot of a 
bill of goods sold, {a) When the bill is paid in cash? 
(6) When a note is given in payment? (c) When the 
oill is not paid? 

10. Write a negotiable note for $150, at 4 months, 
payable to the order of an indorser. 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Define {a) Mathematics; {p) Algebra; (c) sym- 
bols of quantity; (tZ) symbols of operation; {e) a resi- 
dual quantity. 

2. Explain the difference (a) between a co-efficient 
and an exponent; (p) between a factor and a term. 



NEW TORE, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxiil 

3. What is elimination? Name three method* 
by which an unknown quantity may be eliminated. 

4 Define and give an example (a) of a pure quad- 
ratic equation; (p) of an affected quadratic equation. 

5. Name and give the reason for each of the three 
steps in the reduction of simple equations. 

6. How may the first member of any incomplete 
quadratic equation be made a perfect square? 

Reduce the following reductions, writing the 
work in full : 

2a;— 6 

7. 7a;-i-12 9«=69— 3|« 

8. (i)2a!+3y=19 
{2) 2yH-3z=37 

{3) 3;r+2y+z=5y 

9. Expand {m-\-x&Y by the binomial theorem, 

10. 3^2^14a'=245 



GEOMETRY. 

1. Define {a) area, (J) volume, (c) an angle, (<f) a 
plane triangle, and (<s) a rectangle. 

3. Define a unit of measure {a) for lines or dis- 
tances, and (b) for areas. 

3. Prove that the area of any plane triangle 
equals the area of a right angled triangle that ha» 
the same base and the same altitude. 

4. State the famous forty- seventh proposition of 
Euclid; draw the figures used in one method of 
demonstration; and write the equations deduced in 
in the several steps of the demonstration. 



«1XX1T TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

5. Prove that the area of a circle equals the 
product of its cirumference and one fourth of its 
diameter. 

6. Prove that the sum of the three angles of a plane 
triangle is 180°. 

7. State and prove the proposition for determin- 
ing the sum of all the interior angles of a regular 
polygon. 

8. Prove that an angle in a semi circumference 
is a right angle. 

9. How are mathematical angles formed? How 
are they measured? What is an angle of 1°? 

10. The base of a hexagonal monument is 9 feet 
on a side. How much ground does it cover? 



LATIN. 

L 

Translate: 

Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castris 
delegerant. CoUis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad 
flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat 
Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur 
fldversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos 
infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non 
facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas silvas 
Hostes in occulto sese continebant ; in aperto loco 
■secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum vide- 
bantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter 
trium. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxr 

II. 

1. Write the declension of "loci," "castris," 
"flumen," "pedum," and "collis." 

2. Parse "haec," "quern," "nostri," "eo," and 
" declivis." 

3. Write the comparison of "pari," "facile," 
"infimus," "superiore," and "aperto." 

4. Write, in the mode and tense here given, the 
conjugation of "erat," " delegerant, " "posset," 
" nascebatur, " and "nominavimus." 

5. Explain the syntax of "vergebat," "acclivi- 
tate," "posset," "passus," and " pedum." 

III. 

1. What would you name as the benefits of study- 
ing Latin ? 

2. Give an outline of Caesar's career, stating 
wherein he deserved praise and wherein he deserved 
censure. 

3. Write any Latin quotations you can remember. 

4. Discuss the relative values of a knowledge of 
Latin grammar and Latin literature. 

5. Write three English sentences not otherwise 
connected with the examination, and translate them 
into Latin. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What physical features have most largely con- 
tributed to make New York the Empire State? 

2. What are the physical agencies that have made 



ilxxvl TWELFTH STATE EJIAMINATION. 

New York the commercial metropolis of the United 
States? 

3. Describe the peculiar physical features of 
Jentral New York, and their effect upon climate 
jtnd productions. 

4. Compare the climates of the Atlantic and 
Pacific slopes of the United States, and give reasons 
for differences in the same latitude. 

5. Describe the principal water- sheds and drainage 
jystems of North America. 

6. Name three centres of population in Europe, 
and give reasons for their being so. 

7. Describe the principal physical features of 
Hindostan ; their effect upon industry and upon the 
physical condition and civilization of the inhabit- 
ants. 

8. Give some account of African discovery with- 
in the past half century. 

9. Describe Egypt and its physical characteristics, 
and account for its present political prominence. 

10. Describe the monsoons, their directions and 
causes. 



WRITING. 

1. How do you teach writing in the primary 
grades? 

3. What is the teacher required to know and to be 
able to do in order to teach writing in primary 
grades? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxvii 

3. Under what circumstances will you require 
regular writing exercises? 

4. A certain pupil invariably curves the inverted 
(lower) loop letters to the left. What is the proba- 
ble cause and what the remedy? 

5. A pupil makes heavy and irregular hair-strokes. 
What exercises will you give him? 

6. Name the requirements of a good business 
hand. 

7. What are your units of analysis for the sizes 
of small letters? 

8. Analyze both size and lines of the letters in the 
word lading, 

9. Write the small letter alphabet as though it 
made three words, putting eight letters in the first 
word, nine each in the second and third, and insert 
the character & between the last two words. 

10. Write the capital-letter alphabet and analyze 
F, G, and M. 



DRAWING. 

1. What are the classes of straight lines used in 
drawing? 

2. What curved lines give an example of a con- 
vex angle, a concave angle, a mixed angle? 

3. What is the line of grace and beauty? What 
name in architecture is given to a surface of the same 
form? 

4. Describe balanced or symmetrical curves, and 
«how what objects may be represented by them? 



clxxvlil TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

5. How may drawing be made to lead to Geome- 
try? Give exampleo. 

6. Discuss imitative and inventive drawing, and 
indicate their relative places and values in a draw- 
ing course. 

7. In making drawings of real objects, mention 
applications of the geometric forms — triangle, 
square, oblong, concave, angle, cone, cylmder, 
sphere, hemisphere, cube. 

8. Compare geometric and true perspective draw 
ing, and state differences. 

9. Show how a regular hexagon may be drawn 
with sides of a given length. 

10. What figure represents a circle in perspective, 
and how is it drawn? 



GRAMMAR 

1. What distinction do you make between lan- 
guage lessons and technical grammar? What would 
you specially aim to accomplish by instruction in 
each? 

2. Discuss the use of false syntax in school work 

3. Write the full declension of the following 
nouns: child, fox, spoonful, son-in-law, tongs. 

4. Write the full comparison of the following 
adjectives and adverbs: old, near, round, late, 
free. 

5. Write the declension of the simple personal 
pronouns. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxix 

6. Write the conjugation of the verb find, in the 
potential, passive, interrogative, naming all the 
tiuxiliaries. 

7. Mention five common grammatical errors in 
ordinary speech, state the correction of each, and 
give the reasons. 

8 Analyze fully, in writing or by diagram, the 

lollowing sentence; 

" You may cts well do any thing most hard, 
As seek to soften that (than which toAa^'s harder?) 
His Jewish heart. " 

9. Parse each italicized word in the above sen- 
tence, 

10. State the benefits to be derived from analysis 
and parsing; also any improper uses that may be 
made of them. 



ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 

1. At what stage of the pupil's progress would 
you begin to teach composition, — i. e., original 
•written expression? Give your reasons. 

2. Discuss the relative values and their places in 
-composition work, of familiar and unfamiliar sub- 
jects. 

3. State the respective advantages of assigning 
subjects, and of allowing pupils to select subjects. 

4. Do you deem it advisable to direct and assist 
younger pupils in the investigation of subjects? 
Give your reasons. 

5. To what extent, and under what circumstances, 
would you allow 3'oung pupils to neglect the proper 



Clxxx TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

use of capitals and punctuation marks? Give your 
reasons. 

6. How would you rank letter- writing in import- 
ance among the various forms of composition? At 
what stage of the pupil's progress would you teach 
letter writing? 

7. Write a short letter. 

8. If you had time in school for only one daily 
class exercise, in either spelling, penmanship, or 
composition, which two would you omit? Give 
your reasons. 

9. By what means would you cultivate originality 
in composition work? 

10. How would you teach to paragraph properly ?^ 



RHETORIC. 

1. What is the special province of rhetoric, in dis- 
tinction from grammar? 

2. Write a sentence gi*ammatically correct but 
rhetorically incorrect, and state the rhetorical error. 

3. Write a simile, and state why it is not a meta- 
phor. 

4. Discriminate between the synonyms kiU, mur- 
der, and assassinate. 

5. State wherein the following expression is un- 
satisfactory, and make such changes as are needed:: 
"Tell him, if he is in the parlor, I do not care to sefr 
Mm." 

6. Distinguish between versification and poetry. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 1884 clxxxl 



7. Explain in full what is meant by iambic hex- 
ameter. 

8. Name two epic poems, and state the theme of 
each. 

9 State two distinct uses of the semicolon, and 
illustrate each by an example. 

10. Distinguish between wit and humor, and give 
an example of each. 

READING. 

1. Mention the dififerent kinds of reading. 

2. State the objects to be gained by a knowledge 
of the several kinds, together with their relative im- 
portance. 

3. Detail the chief characteristics of each kind. 

4. Briefly mention methods of procedure best cal- 
-culated to give power in each kind. 

5. Mention more than one w^ay of ascertaining 
whether a pupil has intelligently studied his reading 
lesson. 

6. How do you manage, when your school is not 
supplied wtth supplementary reading matter? 

7. What should be the relation of class work in 
reading to the various departments of a well appoin- 
ted libraiy? 

8. Give a course of reading for the first two years 
in school. 

9. Why not have more reading, or less? 

10. At the age of sixteen years a lad of average 
abilities leaves a district school to begin work on a 
farm, and asks you for a good course of reading. 
"What will you give him? 



jlxxxU TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. Name the works of Homer and state the theme^ 
5f each. 

2. Name the most noted orator of Greece, the 
most noted one of Rome, a noted one of France, two 
of England, and three noted living orators of 
America. 

3. Name two ancient or modern poets of Italy 
and the chief poem of each. 

4. Name two distinguished poets of Germany 
and a noted poem written by each. 

6. Name the most famous work of Spanish litera- 
ture and its author. 

6. Name ten of Shakspere's plays. 

7. Who was the most prominent literary man of 
England in Cromwell's time? 

8. Name five well-known prose historians and 
the title of a work by each, 

9. Name five eminent prose writers of America, 
and the title of some well-known work by each. 

10. Name five eminent poets of America and two 
well-known poems by each. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. Give a brief history and the approximate loca-^ 
tion of (a) the English claims, (&) the French claims^ 
and (c) the Dutch claims to what is now United- 
States territory. 



NEW YORK, HJTC, JUL,i: 1, lim. cixxxii 



2. Of the settlement of Rhode Island, Virginia, 
Georgia, and Maryland, give the facts as to {a) date, 
(b) leading cause and (c) leaders and character of 
people. 

3. Give {a) the chief causes, remote and immedi- 
ate, of the French and Indian war, and {b) the chief 
consequences. 

4. What influences had the French and Indian 
and other colonial wars upon the Revolutionary 
army? 

5. Of the Revolution, name (a) three political 
leaders, (5) three leading commanders of the patriot 
army, (c) three leading generals of the British army, 
and (d) three important battles; with the dates and 
results of the last. 

6. Give the causes of the second war with Eng- 
land, and the reasons why the battle of New Orleans 
would have been unnecessary, if the war had oc- 
curred at the present time. 

7. Mention some of the most important results 
of the war with Mexico. 

8. What are regarded as the chief causes of the 
war of the rebellion? 

9. Connected with that war mention {a) five lead- 
ing generals of the United States army, (J) five lead- 
ing generals of the Confederate army, (c) five prom- 
inent political leaders of the United States, {d) five 
prominent political leaders of the Confederacy, and 
{e) five important battles; with dates and results of 
the last. 



srxxxlv r »f • KLFin STA TE exam in a TION . 

10, Mention in order, with year of inauguration, 
the presidents of the United States, beginning witli 
the one inaugurated in 1841. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Concerning any two of the great empires which 
preceded the Christian eia, mrution 

(a) Approximate date of founding, thus: The 
empire was founded about the cen- 
tury B. C. 

(b) Some of the arts and sciences which belong to 
modern civilization, and of which the peoples of 
these empires probably were discoverers. 

2. (a) Give some of the leading features of the 
Vthenian government at the time when Demos- 
thenes delivered the celebrated Philippics, (&) 
Give the origin of the word Philippic. 

3. What was the situation when " Caesar crossed 
the Rubicon ?" What were some of the chief con- 
sequences? 

4. Give some account of this Caesar. 

5. Jilention the four events and series of events 
occurring between the fall of the Roman Empire 
and the middle of tlie sixteenth century that, in 
your opinion, have had the greatest influence udoq 
the civilization of to-day. 

6. Who were respectively the rulers of England 
during (a) the Cabot explorations; (&) the settlement 
of Jamestown; (c) the French and Indian war; and 
(d) the Revolution. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 18S4. clxxXT 



7. State the time, chief cause, and general results 
of the Thirty Years War, 

8. Give a brief account of Napoleon I. , Napoleon 
III. , and Garibaldi. 

9. Briefly state some leading facts about recenl 
Arctic explorations and expeditions. 

10. (a) Who is "Chinese" Gordon, and why was 
be sent to the Soudan? (b) Give a brief account of 
the Lasker resolutions. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. For what purposes are governments instituted? 

2. What are the two theories in regard to the 
sources of governmental power? 

3. Give the kinds of Government as developed in 
history. Define each kind. 

4. What is the difference between a pure democ- 
racy and a republic? 

o. What is an oligarchy? Give an historical ex- 
ample. 

6. What are the three functions of Government? 
What provisions are made for each in the United 
States government? 

7. How can we distinguish between governmental 
powers belonging to the nation and those belonging 
to the states ? 

8. What is ment by the laissezfaire theory of gov 
ernment? 



Clxxxvi TWELiFTH STA.TE EXAMINATION, 

Give some account of judicial action in the 
township government. 

^ 10. Explain the transaction which resulted in 
cr^&ting the office of loan commissioner. 



BOTANY. 

1. Describe a simple leaf; and name five varieties^ 
with their bases of classification. 

2. What is the function of the leaf? What im- 
portant relation does it bear to animal life? 

3. What is the function of the root, and what 
are the two general classes of roots? 

4. Describe a tuber; a bulb; a corm. 

5. Describe an exogen and its methods of growth, 
and give three examples. 

6. Describe an endogen and its methods of growth^ 
and give three examples. 

7. Give the common names and qualities of five of 
our most important grasses. 

8. Give an account of an edible cryptogam and its 
methods of growth. 

9. Give some accuunt of plant motion, with illus- 
trative examples. 

10. Give some account of forestry, the objects of 
forestry associations, and the necessity for preserv* 
ative forestry laws. 



MJiitv rORK ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxxvil 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. To what order of mammals does the rat be- 
long, and what are the characteristics of the order? 

2. Describe the mole and its habits; and state the 
characteristics of the order to which it belongs. 

3. Compare the bear and deer in regard to struct- 
ure and motion, and give the classes indicated hy 
these differences. 

4. What are mammals, and to what more general 
branch of the animal kingdom do they belong? 

5. Give general differences in the structure of the 
limbs and their extremities, in the different orders 
of mammals. 

6. Give general characteristics of structure and 
habits of the order raptores among birds. 

7. Compare a heron and a duck in regard ta 
structure and habits, and give the class to which 
each belongs. 

8. Give some account of the structure and trana- 
formations of a frog. 

9. Describe the bee community. 

10. What are the two most important characteris- 
tics of a true insect? 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Describe tnastieation, the organs used in th.^ 
process, and the hygienic laws that apply to them. 



«lixxviii TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION". 

2. Describe the stomach, its structure and fun- 
ctions. 

3. State three important hygienic laws that relate 
to the stomach. 

4. What forces besides the heart-beat promote the 
circulation of the blood? 

5. Describe the heart, its structure and functions, 

6. Describe the capillaries and the vital processes 
^'jpendent upon them. 

7. Give an account of the functions of the nerves, 
TTith illustrative examples. 

8. What is i^eflex action, from what does it ema- 
nate, and what does it control? 

9. State the specific effect of alcohol upon the 
ttomach, heart, and nerves. 

10. Describe the process, and state the results of 
cespiration. 



PHYSICS. 

1. Define (a) Physics, (b) matter, (c) an essential 
property of matter, {d) a specific property of matter, 
and (e) Motion. 

2. State the causes of compound motion. 

3. Explain the three states of matter. 

4. Wbjit is specific gravity? How is the specific 
gravity of a solid determined? 

5. What absolute gain is obtained by the use 
of any of the mechanical powers? Of what practi- 
cal use in the economies of life? 



NTTPT YORK, ETC., JULY, 1, 1884. clxxxix 

6. Explain the action of the suction pump and 
give the reasons why it will not raise water to great 
heights. 

7. Give the philosophy of the formation of an 
image hy a plane mirror. 

8. What causes short-sightedness? What causes 
long-sightedness? What kind of glasses are re- 
quired for the former? What for the latter? 
Why? 

9. What do you understand by the single fluid 
and double-fluid hypotheses of electricity? 

10. On what does the action of the magnetic 
telegraph depend? 



CHEMISTRY. 

1 State the benefits of a knowledge of chemistry 
to the world at large and to the average student? 

2. In a school where only a single term can be 
devoted to chemistry, what relative attention would 
you give to the theory and to practical experiments?^ 

3. Give the common names of HgO, HNO^ 
HgCOg. NaCl, andNgO. 

4. What fractional part of air and what fractional 
part of water does oxygen form? 

5. For what is chlorine chiefly used? What is its- 
color? 

6. Name two conditions which facilitate chemical 
change. 

7. State the distinctions between acids, bases and 
salts. W'hul c't}'cct has each upon vegetable colors? 



<!xc TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION". 



8. Name and distinguish three forms of attractioa 
recognized in science. 

9. Name and describe the three forms of carbon. 

10. Give as complete an account as you can of 
the history, occurrence, preparation, properties, and 
compounds of potassium. 



GEOLOGY. 

1. According to supposed origin, what are th« 
general classes of rocks? 

2. Account for stratification in rocks and show 
"Why areas of stratified rocks so greatly differ ia 
extent. 

3. What is the original position of stratified 
rocks? What their present position? Account for 
the change. 

4. What are metamorphic rocks, and what eviden- 
ces are there of the changes they have undergone? 

5. How, in general, do we determine the thick- 
ness of rock strata? 

6. What are the principal means of identifying 
rocks of the same stratum and of determing the re- 
lative age of the different strata? 

7. Give some account of coal beds, their origin 
and extent, and the physical changes caused by 
their deposit. 

S Describe drift, its supposed origin, the limits 
Of its spread, and tke general diiection. of its luovd- 



NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. cxcl 

9. Give an outline of the Geology of the State of 
New York. 

10. What forces now in operation are producing 
important geological changes? 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Define (a) Astronomy, (6) planet, (c) star, id) 
asteroid. 

2. Name some star in the solar system, if there be 
any. 

3. Mention the planets in order, beginning with 
the one nearest the sun. 

4. Where are the asteroids found? 

5. Define parallax and describe a process for 
finding the Earth's approximate distance from the 
fiun. 

6. Give Kepler's Laws. 

7. {a) What planets have satellites? ip) How 
many satellites has each of these planets? 

8. Name five circumpolar constellations. 

9. Define the term variable star, and name one. 

10. Define (a) nebula, (6) comet, and (c) state the 
relations of these to the nebular theory. 



PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OP TEACHING. 

1. Name the mental powers or faculties, give th« 
function of each and their general order of develop- 
ment. 



cxcii TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

2. In processes of instruction what relation has 
knowledge to mental growth? 

3. Give the sources of knowledge in the order 
best adapted to the development of mind. 

4. How do primary and advanced instruction 
differ in regard to subject matter, aims and 
methods? 

5. What are some of the general characteristics 
of the most approved methods of primary teaching? 

6. Mention three important general defects in the 
prevalent methods of primary instruction. 

7. What tests will decide whether or not any 
given subject is adapted to primary instruction? 

8 Specify some of the uses and abuses of text- 
books. 

9. Of what value are calisthenic exercises in 
school? 

10. What is meant by industrial education? 
What attention should it receive? 



SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Mention three or more principles involved in 
making a programme of daily work. 

2. Mention the general objects of class work. 

3. Is uniformity of text-books necessary in Arith- 
metic and Geography ? Why ? 

4. Briefly discuss the question of general recess, 

5. A school -room has some benches without 
desks, desk room for fifty pupils, and an average at- 



NEW FORK, ETC., JULY, 1, 1884. cxclll 



tendance of sixty. How may you take advantage 
of this to promote punctuality? 

6. Do you ever vary the relative length of the 
half-day sessions? Give reasons. 

7. Briefly discuss the question of study after 
school hours for the purpose of discipline. 

8. How would you seat the pupils in a graded 
department? Why? 

9. What are your precautions for safety in case of 
fire? 

10. Define (a) discipline; and (6) order. State 
some of the elements or each. 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Mention the conditions of a valid contract be- 
tween a teacher and the trustees of a common dis- 
trict school. 

2. Mention those relatives of a trustee whom he 
IS prohibited from employing. 

3. In case a teacher is within the prohibited de- 
gree of relationship, what process will enable the 
trustee to employ him? 

4. What are the limitations upon the powers of 
the trustee or trustees as to the period for which a 
teacher may be employed? 

5. What circumstances permit a teacher to close 
the school without previous consent of the trustees? 

6. What are the proper steps to be taken in case 
you have an unruly pupil who is beyond your con- 
irol? 



cxciv THIR TEEN TH S TA TE EXlMlNA TION. 

7. State all the legal remedies for an impl-oper or 
unhealthful condition of the immediate surround- 
ings of the school house. 

8. If no date for the payment of the teacher's 
salary is named in the contract, when does the 
salary become due? 

9. What circumstances may permit less than 
twenty-eight weeks of school, without causing the 
district to forfeit its public money? 

10. For what causes may certificates be annulled, 
and by whom ? 



TMrteenlli Eiamiiialloii for State Certificates. 

Held Simultaneously June 30, 1885, at 
Albany, New York, Rochestbr, Watertown, 

AND BiNGHAMTON. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Explain the process of changing dissimilar to 
similar fractions; i. e., of reducing fractions having 
different denominators to equivalent fractions hav- 
ing a common denominator. State the uses made 
of this process. 

2. When is a quotient an abstract number ? When 
a concrete number ? 

3. Show, by examples, that the greatest common 
divisior of two numbers must be (I) the less number, 
or (2) the difference between the numbers, or (3) 
Bome factor of that difference. 



.VEW- YORK, ETC.. JUNE 30. 1885. cxcv 



4. Show the difference between legal interest and 
exact interest 

5. Reduce |f to a decimal^ and give reasons for 
4he successive steps in the process, 

6. Find the distance between a lower corner and 
the diagonal upper corner of a room 16 feet long, 15 
feet wide and 12 feet high. 

7. Find the convex surface of a conical spire 20 
feet in diameter at the base and 90 feet perpendicu- 
lar height 

8. Give the formula for finding the last term of a 
geometrical series, when the tirst term, ratio, and 
number of terms are given. 

9. State clearly the difference between a fractional 
unit and the unit of a fraction. 

10. When does the {'oliowing note mature, and 
how much is due at its maturity ? 

^65^ Albany, July 2. 1884. 

One year after date I promise to pay to Richard 
TVhite or order six hundred and fifty dollars, with 
interest, for value received. 

Wm. Merrit. 

Indorsements' October 20, 1884. received $200; 
January 11, 1885. received $37.50, June 25, 1885,' 
received $5.25. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Define the terms facior, co-efficient, exponent, 
rzigedratc gicanittp. equation. 

2. Show the influence of a minus sign (1) before & 
<iuantity in a parenthesis, (2) before a fraction. 



CXCvi THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

3. Show that subtracting a negative quantity la 
the same, in effect, as adding an equal positive 
quantity. 

4. llhistrate. by an example, that the product of 
two negative quantities is always a positive quan- 
tity. 

5. Expand (m — n)^ by Newton's Theorem. 

6. Given, 2x—y=2z. 

y-{-10z=dx. 

to find the values of x, y, and s. 

7. State the difference between a pure quadratic 
equation and an affected quadratic equation. 

8. What are the successive steps in the reduction 
of an affected quadratic equation ? 

9. Find the fourth term of the proportion 

g-l-y :(a-f &)8::a;2— y8 : ? 
Reduce the proportion to an equation, and^ 
^ive reasons for the process. 

10. Find, algebraically, five geometrical means 
between .001 and 1,000. 



LATIN. 



1. State as many benefits as you think you have 
derived from the study of Latin. 

2 In what respects do you think your instruction 
in this subject might have been improved .> 

8. Write ten separate sentences, each containing^ 



A^gir YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cxcvil 

«ome prominent fact which you hare learned from 
jour study of Caesar's Commentaries. 

4. Translate into Latin the following sentences: 
Little rilis flow into great oceans. The Roman sol- 
-diers fought fiercely and conquered the enemy. 

5. Translate the following passage into idiomatic 
English: 

Erant hae diflScultates belli gerendi, quas supra 
ostendimus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum 
incitabant: injuriae retentorum equitum Romanorum, 
rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidi- 
bus, tot civitatura conjuratio, imprimis ne, hac 
parte ncglecta, reliquae nationes sibi idem licere 
arbitrarentir. Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere 
Gallos novis rebus studere, et ad bellum raobiliter 
celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura 
libertati studere et conditionem servilutis odisse, 
priusquam plures civitates ccnspirarent, partiendum 
«ibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit. 

6. What portions of the first sentence are in ap- 
position to multa f What verb expresses the conces- 
sion in the second sentence ? 

7. Parse gerendi, obsidibus, rebus, fitudere (after 
libertati), and latius. 

8. Give the principal parts of Brant, ostendimm, 
•odisse, partiendum; decline omnes. 

9. Make a list of the connectives in the passage; 
^nd after each, put the name of the part of speech 
to which it belongs. 

10. Write ten English words derived from the 



cxcvlii THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

game uuinbtjr of stems represented in this passage; 
and after each derived word, place the correspond- 
ing Latin word. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. Compare the first settlers of Massachusetts witll 
those of Virginia. 

2. Give some account of Roger Williams. 

3. Give a brief account of the early settlement of 
New York. 

4. Wliat nations besides the English laid claim to 
territory within the limits of the thirteen original 
States ? How were these claims adjusted ? 

5. What were some of the conditions and experi- 
ences that specially fitted the English colonists for 
independence ? 

6. Name the thirteen original States. 

7. Give an account of the territorial growth of the 
United States since independence. 

8. With what powers have the United States been 
at war since the revolution? 

9. Compare the industrial condition of the North- 
ern States with that of the South at the beginning 
of the civil war. 

10. Give in detail an account of that conflict of 
the civil war which revolutionized naval warfare. 



COMPOSITION. 
1. What is the most important prerequisite for 
good speaking or writing ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cxcix 

2. Mention five essentials of good written compo- 
sition. 

3. Wliat proportion of the entire work of an 
ordinary school should be devoted to the direct cult- 
ure of expression ? 

4. To what extent should the oral and written 
expression of knowledge form a part of the school 
work in geography ? 

5. In acquiring the ability to compose well, how 
ranch importance should be attached to practice as 
opposed to a theoretical knowledge of the facts and 
laws of language ? 

6. Write a complete letter to some person, outline 
the form of an envelope and indicate the position of 
the stamp, and write the superscription in its proper 
position. 

7. Outline a plan for securing from a class of 
average children, eight years old and without expe- 
rience in such work, a composition about their own 
school-house. 

8. Outline a plan of composition work for pupils 
of academic grade. 

9. Write a note inviting a friend to tea, and a 
suitable reply. 

10. Write, concerning this examination, an item 
suitable for insertion in a daily newspaper. 



GEOLOGY. 

1. What is the usually received hypothesis in re- 
gard to the origin of basaltic rocks ? 



CC THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 



2. What are the principal characteristics of purely 
IgJieous rocks ? 

3 In what two important particulars do meta 
oiotphic rocks diflfei from more recent sedimentary 
rocks ? 

4. What are the mineral elements that enter mto 
the composition of granite V 

5. What are the relative geologic positions of old 
red sandstone and the carboniferous rocks ? 

6 What is the most certain indication of the rela- 
tive age of sedimentary rocks ? 
7. What are the limits of the drift formation ? 

8 What present phenomena give a plausible ex- 
planation of the drift period ? 

9 What important geologic discoveries have re- 
cently been made in Western New York ? 

10 Why IS the soil of the Adirondack region less 
fertile than that of Central New York t 



PHYSIOLOGY 

1. In the process of digestion, what change does 
starch undergo, and how is the change affected ? 

2. In what way is lean meat digested ? 

3. Describe the process of the digestion of the 
fats. 

4. What foods need the most chewing, and why ? 

5. Describe the process by which the blood is pur- 
ified. 

6. Name the forces that impel the blood currents. 



A'ETr YOHK, ETC., JUNE :A), 18S5. CCl 

T Describe respiratioc, and state what threes are 
involved in the process. 

S State the severai uses of taste and smell. 

9 Describe the principal functions of the skin. 
10 State the effects of narcotics upon the nervous 
system. 



GRAMMAR. 

1 Write the plurals of pailful, son-in-law, sheep, 6, 
brother. Give reasons lor their peculiarities of 
formation. 

2. Compare the following adjectives: viise, late, 
beautiful, worse, straight. Account for the differ- 
ences in these forms of comparison. 

3. Specify the distinctive meaning of the verb in 
•each of the following expressions. Is he wise? Be 
must be wise. He might have been wise. If he were 
^tise. If he is wise. 

4. Describe each of the above verbs by means of 
the usual grammatical terms. 

5. Use the simple relative pronouns, each in a 
complete sentence. 

6 Write ten separate sentences, each containing 
* different preposition. 

7. Analyze fully, by diagram or otherwise, the 
folio. .Jng sentence. "Hitherto shall thou come, but 
no further; and here shall thy ^)roud waves be 
«tayed " 

8. Parse a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and & 
pronoun, selected from the above sentence. 



ccii THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

9. What benefits ought pupils to derive (1) from 
parsing, and (2) from analysis ? 
10. What is the special province of the study of 
technical grammar in a course of study ? What is 
the special province of what are known as language 
lessons ? 



RHETORIC. 

1. Discuss the relations and the distinctions which 
you recognize between elementary composition 
work and the study of rhetoric. 

2. What phases of punctuation belong to rhetoric^ 
arid what to elementary composition ? 

3. State the uses of the semicolon. 

4. Define iiiveniion alad style, and state to which 
of the two you would devote the greater attention 
in the study of rhetoric. 

5. Give the synonyms of Idll, and indicate the 
shade of meaning expres.ied by each. 

6. State the principles to be followed in the form- 
ation and the acceptance of new words. 

7 Discuss the use of slang and of puns. 

8. State the resemblances and the differences be- 
tween prose and poetry. 

9. Quote or compose examples in two of the fol- 
lowing meters: Iambic pentameter, dactylic hexa- 
meter, anapestic trimeter, trochaic dimeter. 

10. Write or quote a passage containing a figurft 
of speech, and name the figure. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1886. ccIU 



SCHOOL LAW. 

1. When wages are due a teacher, and the district 
is without funds, what is the legal course for trus- 
tees to pursue ? 

2. What rights have temporary residents in dis- 
tricts to attendance at school ? 

3. If any person willfully disturb a public school, 
what is the legal remedy ? 

4. What authority has a teacher ov«r pupils while 
they arc going to and from school ? 

5. What is the effect of an error in the register of 
attendance of pupils ? 

6. Without the consent of the trustees, what cir- 
cumstances will justify the teacher in closing school 
for more than one day ? 

7. Who has the sole right to fix the amount of 
teachers' wages ? 

8. By what right does a teacher inflict corporal 
punishment ? 

9. What constitutes a legally qualified teacher ? 
10 What is the legal status of a contract between 

a teacher and a trustee who is his cousin ? 

GEOMETRY. 

1. State two propositions based on the fact that 
the sum of the three interior angles of any plane tri- 
angle equals two right angles. 

2. Demonstrate the process of finding the number 
of degrees in one of the interior angles of any regu- 
lar puijgOQ, 



CCiv THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

3. Prove that a chord of 60° equals radius. 

4. Show, geometrically, the area of a square de 
scribed on the difference of two given lines. 

5. Prove that the areas of triangles having equal 
altitudes are to each other as their bases 

6. How may a mathematical line be generated ? 
How a mathematical plane V How a mathematical 
circle ? 

7. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right 
angle. 

8. Deduce the rule for finding the area of a circle. 

9. Prove'what is the measure of an angle formed 
by a tangent and a chord. 

10. Demonstrate the following If ail the sides 
of a regular polygon be produced m the same direc- 
tion, the sum of ail the exterior angles thus rormed 
will equal 360'. 



READING 

1. For what purposes; and at what stage of the 
pupil's progress, would you give formal instructiou 
in phonics ? 

2. Name two distinct kinds of reading according 
to the purpose, or object, of each. 

3. What should be the chief aims in the teaching 
of oral reading, and by what means would you 
expect to accomplish those aims ? 

4. Illustrate the application of the word-method 
in teaching beginners to read. 



ALU- YORK trC -/L" A' £■ 30. 1S85. ccv 

5 To what extern; and id' what manner, would 
you use supplementary reading ? 

6. What benefits would you expect to secure from 
supplementary reading that would not result from 
the use of the ordinary readjng books ? 

7. At what stage m the pupil's progress would 
you omit reading as a special exercise ? Give 
leasons for your answer 

8i It you should continue the readmg as a separate 
exercise in the nigh-school grades, what special ends- 
would you try lo attain ? 

9. By what means would you attempt to form m 
pupils a hat)it of reading standard works of litera 
lure ? 

10. Give briefly your ideas of a library suitable 
for an ungraded rural school, and state how you 
•would use It in school work. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Describe in brief the principal incidents of the 
Greek defence against Persian domination 

2 State the causes that led lo the decline of 
Greek power. 

3. What natioBS were inTolved in the Punic wars, 
aud what was the final outcome of the conflict ? 

4. What positive evils and what incidental good 
resulted from the crusades ? 

5. How and when was the Moslem power checked 
in its career of conquest in Europe ? 



CCvi THIBTIlEJS'IH STATE EXANINATIOiW 

6. Wh'at invention and what scientific discp very- 
preceded and rendered possible the geographical 
discoveries of Columbus and his contemporaries ? 

7. Give a brief account of Charles I. of England. 

8. In the English revolution of 1689, what changes 
took place in the sovereignty of the nation ? 

9. In the French government, what changes have 
taken place since the fall of Bonaparte in 1815 ? 

10. What made Garibaldi famous ? 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Under what conditions will an eclipse of the 
sun be annular ' 

2. On what part of the earth iS the north star 
never visible V Why ' 

3. By what terms is the location of a heavenly 
body indicated i Explain their meaning 

4 Explain the meaning of the terms conjunction, 
opposition, transit, asteroid, satellite. 

5. Give the 'names of the planets in the solar sys- 
tem, and the number of satellites belonging to each. 

6. What is the zodiac ? Where is it located f 
How is it divided ? Why is it so divided ? 

7. Where is the imternational prime meridian f 
When was it adopted, and why " 

8. State two differences between a planet and a 
fixed star 

9. Explain the difference between a solar day and 
a sidereal day 

10. Why will not the year 1900 be a leap-year? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 80, 1885. ccvii 

ECOLOGY. 

1. Compare the duck and the chicken, and show 
the adaptation of structure to habits. 

2. CoMpare the limbs of an eagle with those of a 
whale, in regard to number, structure, and use. 

3. Compare the dentition of the ox with that of 
the tiger, and state differences. 

4. Compare the feet of a dog with those of a bear, 
and state differences leading to an important classifi- 
cation. 

5. Compare the limbs of man with those of the 
monkey, and state resemblances and differences. 

6. State some of the prominent characteristics of 
rodents, and name five species belonging to the 
order. 

7. Describe the bat. To what general class of 
animals does it belong ? 

8. What peculiar structure of the parrot fits it for 
tree- climbing ? 

9. Compare the graminiyorous and insectivorous 
birds, and state differences in structure. 

10. Give an account of the life of an insect. 
Name the various forms which it assumes. 



DRAWING. 

1. What science lies at the foundation of all ex- 
pressions of form ? 

2. Compare imitative drawing with inventive 
drawing, in methods and uses. 



CCViii THIROCEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

3. Describe the method and the use of mechanical 
drawing. 

4. Compare geometric drawing with perspective 
drawing, in aims and methods. 

5. What place should be given to industrial draw- 
ing in a general course of drawing for public schools? 

6. State some of the educational results of object 
drawing. 

7. Mention the most important elements that enter 
into designing. 

8. State two laws of perspective. 

9. In the process of designing, describe and illus- 
trate the manner of treating natural objects. 

10. Describe your method of teaching drawing in 
Vk primary school. 



BOTANY. 

1. Compare the family Aeer with the family 
Pinus In regard to general form, form and perma- 
nence of leaf, and seeds and seed vessels. 

2. Describe some of the varieties of the Querent^ 
and their use in the economic arts. 

3. Compare the horse chestnut and the apple in 
regard to leaf, flower, and fruit. 

4. In what way do the following plants climb : 
grapes, hops, beans, peas, ivy ? 

5. Describe five endogens among our cultivated 
plants. 

6. Describe five shrubs of exogenous growth. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cclx 

7. Give the names and characteristics of five trees 
cr plants exotic in this region. 

8. State the most marked differences betv^een the 
two conifers, the la/rch, or tamarack, and the spruce. 

9 Describe two flowerless plants, and give the 
name ol the general botanical division to which they 
belong 

iO Give an account of the eucalyptus tree. 



CHEMISTRY. 

1 Give a test for a soluble chloride, as indicative 
of sewage impurities in water. 

2 State effects of carbonic acid gas (1) upon ani- 
mal life, (2) upon vegetable life. 

3 Distinguish between an acid and an alkali. 

4 Explain action of chlorine in bleaching, and 
disinfecting. 

5. State difference between an element, a com- 
pound, and a mixture. 

6 What is dynamite? What is the one essential 
element in most explosives ? 

7. Name two compounds formed in burning a 
common friction match. 

8. What gases unite to produce the heat in the 
calcium light ? What causes the intense light ? 

9 How can the existence of carbon and hydrogen 
in tallow be shown ? 
10. Explain the formation of stalactite. 



OCX THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. State the leading differences between the liter- 
ature of ancient Greece and that of ancient Rome. 

2. Classify the following authors as Greeks or 
Romans, and as writers of poetry or prose : Herod- 
itus, Livy, Thucydides, Horace, Sophocles, Sappho, 
Plato, Xenophon, Ovid, Euripides. 

S. What was Tasso's greatest work ? 

4. Name five prominent writers of the medieval 
renaissance in literature. 

5. Give a brief outline of the career and the writ- 
ings of Victor Hugo. 

6. Name in order the authors of the following 
works : WUfiehn Meister, Sartor Mesartus, The Mer- 
chant of Venice, The Scarlet Letter, The Lady of tJhe 
Lake, Adam Bede, The Newcomes, Bitter-Sweet, A 
Child's History of England, Snow-Bound. 

7. Give a brief description of the Canterbury Tales. 

8. Name the three leading literary magazines pub- 
lished in this country. 

9. Give the names of five distinguished English 
writers of recent times who have also been promi- 
nent in politics. 

10. Give the names of five prominent American 
writers who have distinguished themselves in diplo- 
matic service. 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 
1. State fire important objects of class work. 
3. Discuss the relative values of mental develop* 
xntut and mental acquisition. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. ccxi 



3. Under what circumstances may pupils profita- 
bly study at home ? 

4. What parts of class work should pupils do ? 
What parts should teachers do ? Give reasons. 

6. What powers of mind are most active in child- 
hood ? What in the later years of school life ? 

6. What kinds of study are best suited to primary 
pupils, and why ? What kinds to advanced pupils, 
and why ? 

7. What is synthetic or inductive teaching ? What 
is analytic or deductive teaching ? 

8. At what stage should pupils begin to give the 
logical reasons for arithmetical processes ? Why ? 

9. What parts of any subject of knowledge should 
be memorized ? Why ? 

10. Give your views on self-reporting by pupils. 

11. In attempting to ventilate school-rooms by the 
doors and windows, what precautions are necessary ? 

12. Enumerate some of the injurious effects upon 
eye-sight resulting from improperly lighted school- 
Jooms, and suggest proper remedies. 

13. What kinds of physical exercises should be 
practised in schools, and for what purposes ? 

14. Mention proper physical conditions essential 
to best results of study, and give reasons. 

15 Mention two important results to be secured 
from writteu work in schools, and detail good plans 
for securing these results. 



CCitl THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is meant by the term common law ? 

2. What is a corporation? 

3. Who are eligible to the oflSce of Governor of 
the State of New YoTk ? 

4. What is the length of the oflScial term of each 
of the following officers ? 

United States officers. — President, Senator, Rep- 
resentative in Congress. 

New York Slate officers. — Governor, Senator, 
Assemblyman, Justice of the Supreme Court, Coun- 
ty Judge, School Commissioner, Justice of the 
Peace. 

5. Mention five State officers, and briefly enum- 
erate the duties of each. 

6. How is a New York State officer impeached ? 

7. State five qualifications for voters at general 
elections in this State ? 

8. The President's Cabinet consists of what 
officers ? 

9. The war-making power in the United States is 
vested where ? 

10. How are United States Senators chosen in this 
State ? 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. State clearly the meaning of the following termst 
amount, an entry, debtor, creditor, posting. 

2. Name the books commonly used in single-entry^ 
book keeping, and state the use made of each. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. ccxiU 



3. In what respect is book keeping by double-entry 
superior to that by single-entry? 

4. For what purpose is a cash account kept? 

5. What must Cash Balance always equal? On 
"Which side of Cash Account is it entered? 

6. If a debit entry is made as a credit entry in the 
day-book, or mce versa, how is the mistake corrected? 
If in the ledger, how is the mistake corrected? 

7. When may an erasure be made on books of 
account? 

8. When and by whom should a bill of purchase 
be receipted ? 

9. Narrative: Sold to James Richards 25 yards 
of super-ingrain carpeting at 85 cents a yard; 6 
square yards of floor oil-cloth at 6^ cents a yard ; 
98 pounds of roller-process flour at $7,50 a barrel*; 
5 bushels of potatoes at 44 cents a bushel; 3i gal- 
lons of astral oil at 15 cents a gallon. Make out the 
bill. 

10. Draw a negotiable note, requiring endorse- 
ment, at sixty days, for the amount in question 9, 
and properly receipt the bill. 



PHYSICS. 

1. What fact underlies the production of motion 
l)y electricity ? 

2. State two causes that affect the boiling point of 
water. 

3. Sprinkling the floor of a warm room with 



ccxiv FO UR TEENTH S TA TE EXAMIXA TIO N. 

water produces what effect upon the temperature of 
the room ? Why ? 

4. What kind of glasses are required for near- 
sighted persons ? Why ? 

5. A power of how many pounds will balance a 
weight of 1,200 pounds, using three movable pulleys? 

6. A frozen apple placed in cold water is soon en- 
cased in ice. Explain. 

7. Give the law of intensity of lights at different 
distances, 

8. Explain the formation of frost. 

9. What is the theory of the cause of difference in 
color ? 

10. How far will a body fall in ten seconds, mak- 
ing no allowance for the resistance of the air ? 



Fonrteentli Eiamlnation for State Certlflcates^ 

Held Simultaneously, June S9, 1886, at 
Albany, New York, Rochester, Watertown„ 

AND BiNGHAMTON. 



ARITHMETIC. 

In solving problems give complete work, or indi- 
cate all operations by symbols, and all steps by 
equations. 

1 . State two principles upon which the process of 
multiplication is based. 



:^£;W YOEK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxv 

2. State two of the principles upon which the 
process of division is based. 

3. Prove that multiplying the numerator of the 
fraction y\ by f multiplies the fraction /y by f . 

4. Divide f by f , analyze the process, and deduce 
the rule. 

5. Divide two hundred sixty thousand four hun- 
dred forty-two ten-millionths by eighty four hun- 
dred-millionths. 

6. Find the length of the longest straight rod — 
pointed at both ends — that can be put into a rect- 
angular box whose inside dimensions are 4.8 ft., 1.6 
ft., and 1.2 ft. 

7. Find the cost, in San Francisco, of a draft on 
New York for $1,500 payable at 60 days after sight, 
allowing 8 days for transmission, interest at 6^, ex- 
change on New York being 2^% premium. 

8. Make out a tax-table for the use of assessors in 
levying a tax of $16,875 on property appraised at 
$1,500,000. 

9. What is the difference, in this State, between 
the legal interest and the exact interest on $3,750 
from August 16 to December 25 following? 

10. If 3 men working 8 hours per day do as much 
work as 5 boys working 10 hours per day, in how 
many days will 12 men working 12 hours per day 
do as much work as 18 boys will do in 25 days 
working 9^ hours per day? 



ccxvi FO UR TEENTE ST A TE EXAMmA TION. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Name the books used in single-entry book- 
keeping, and state the use of each. 

2. Define (1) account; (2) an entry; (3) an item; 
(4) posting ; (5) a balance. 

3. On your books of account, what transactions 
are entered (1) as debits? (2) As credits? 

4. In a Cash Account, for what is Cash debtor? 
For what creditor? 

5. What must cash on hand always equal? 

Memorandum : — David Williams buys of you, to- 
day, 3 barrels of diamond A sugar weighing 275 
pounds, 293 pounds, and 264 pounds net, at 5^^ 
cents per pound ; 1 chest of Japan tea weighing 56 
pounds, at41| cents per pound; and 5 sacks of O, G. 
Java coffee weighing 112 pounds each, at 22f cents 
per pound. He pays you $50 cash, and gives you a 
bankable note at 4 months for the balance. 

6. Make out the customary Statement of the above 
transaction, in proper form. 

7. Draw the note for the balance, payable to your 
order at the First National Bank in this city. 

8. Explain the difference between settling and 
closing an account. 

9. State the difference between a negotiable note 
and a bankable note. 

10. Explain the process of posting. 



ALGEBRA. 

1. In what respects are arithmetic and algebra 
similar? In what respects are they different? 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE m, 1886. ccxvtt 

2. Define (1) a literal quantity; (2) a numerical 
quantity 

3. Change the proportion 3a-|-— : 5c— (a— a;):: 7 : 

5 

12 to an equation. 

4. Prove that — = or'-. 

5. Show (1) that the square root of a positive quan- 
tity is ambiguous; and (2) that the square root of a 
negative quantity is impossible. 

6. Distinguish between the factors and the terms 
of an algebraic quantity. 

7. Expand {^2m^—\x)^ by the binomial theorem. 

8. Find thi^ values of the unknown quantities in 
the equations. (i) 6^ + 4y = 38. 

(2) Qxy + 9rrs = Ilia; 

(3) x-^J^l=^ 

3^3 3 

9. Divide | into two such parts that the greater 
shall be a mean proportional between the other part 
and unity. 

10. Divide the number 50 into two such parts that 
4 times the square of the less, plus 11, shall equal 
the greater. 

GEOMETRY. 

Use diagrams when they will aid in demonstra- 
tions or answers. 

1. Define (1) Geometry; (2) Plane Geometry; (3) 
a rectilinear figure ; (4) a regular polygon ; (5) a chord. 



ccxviii FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. State two of the four propositions that may be 
based on the intersection of two chords at any point 
between the centre and the circumference of a 
circle. 

3. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 

4. Prove that a line that divides a triangle paral- 
lel to either side, divides the other two sides pro- 
portionally. 

5. Given, the two adjacent sides and the included 
angle of an oblique angled parallelogram, to con- 
struct the parallelogram. 

6. Given, the diameter of a circle, to construct 
the circumscribing hexagon. 

7. Draw a diagram, and show that the space in- 
cluded between the arcs of four equal circles tan- 
gent to one another, is equal to the difference be- 
tween the area of one of the circles, and the area of 
a square whose side is the length of the diameter of 
one of the circles. 

8. Prove that any angle inscribed in a semicircle 
is a right angle. 

9. Prove that the areas of triangles of equal alti- 
tude are proportional to their bases. 

10. Prove (1) that the area of an equilateral tri- 
angle inscribed in a circle is less than the area of 
any other inscribed regular polygon ; and (2) that 
the greater the number of sides of the inscribed reg- 
ular polygon, the nearer does the area of the poly- 
gon approach the area of the circle. 



NEW YOBK, ETC., JU2TE 29, 1886. ccxix 

LATIN. 

1. Translate: Si quid accidat Romanis, summam 
in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire, im- 
perio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiani 
de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Reperiebat 
etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre 
adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium 
ejus fugae factum a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus; 
nam equitatui,quem auxilio Ca3sari Aedui miserant, 
Dumnorix praeerat. 

3. Give syntax of regni, obtinendi, and equiiatur, 

3. Translate: Caesari omnia uno tempore erant 
agenda: vexillum proponendum quod erat insigne, 
quum ad arma concurri oftorteret; signum tuba 
dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo 
longius aggeris petendi causa processerant, arcea- 
sendi. 

4. Give syntax of (1) Gmari, (2) tempore, and (3) 
proponendum; (4) decline idem; (5) conjugate ^I'ero 
in the active voice, subjunctive mood, imperfect 
tense. 

5. Translate : Itaque quum intelligeret omnes fere 
Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter 
celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura 
libertati studere et conditionem servitutis odisse, 
priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum 
sibi ac latins distribuendum exercitum putavit. 

6. Give principal parts of the following verbs: 
coactos, pulsos, accidisse, pollicitus and sumserat. 

Translate into Latin the following sentences : 



ccxx FO TIB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. The arrival of Caesar being known, Ariovistus 
sends ambassadors to Csesar. 

8. Thus the battle was renewed, and all the enemy 
turned their backs. 

9. Csesar withdraws his forces to the nearest hill, 
and forms a line of battle. 

10. Write two Latin sentences, — one illustrating 
the use of the historical infinitive; and one, the in- 
direct discourse involving a subject in the accusative. 



READING, 

1. For what objects should pupils be instructed (1) 
in silent reading? (2) In oral reading? 

2. Give the rule for oral reading (1) of a direct 
question; give exception ; (2) of an indirect question ; 
give exception; (3) of an emphatic succession of 
particulars; (4) of antithetic clauses or sentences; 
(5) of affirmation opposed to negation. 

3. State two plans for preventing pupils from 
memorizing reading lessons. 

4. To what style of composition is monotone es- 
pecially suited? 

6. Define (1) pitch; (2) strength; (3) rate; (4) 
quality. 

6. State what pitch, strength, rate, and quality of 
voice are appropriate in orally reading (1) unimpas- 
sioned narration an,d description ; (2) dialogue ; (3) 
tender emotion and delicate affection; (4) contempt, 
clislike, and hatred ; (5) language of authority. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxf 

7. State two objections to the Word Method of 
teaching children to read. 

8. To what extent would you require pupils to 
read at sight ? Give reasons. 

9. What bad habits are often formed by pupils 
in looking over while others read orally? 

10. What benefits should result from the use of 
supplementary reading matter? 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

That preparations were making at Portsmouth for 
an expedition in which the land forces were to bear 
a part, could not be kept a secret. 

1. In the above sentence state (1) the principal 
clause or clauses, (2) the subordinate clause or 
clauses (propositions), (3) subjects, (4) predicates 
of all clauses, and (5) modifiers of the subjects and 
predicates. 

2. In the above, give the syntax of (1) were mak- 
ing, (2) in, (3) to hear, (4) could he kept, and (5) secret. 

3. In the following sentence give the syntax of (1) 
putting, and (2) defenses: Vanbau was charged with 
putting the defenses in order. 

4. What advantages over word-parsing are de- 
rived from teaching the analysis of sentences? 

5. Write (1) a sentence having a clause (proposi- 
tion) used as the object of a verb, and (2) one hav- 
ing a clause used as an attribute, i. e. , a part of the 
predicate, of the principal clause. 

6. Write a sentence containing two subordinate 



ccxxii FO XIR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

or dependent clauses, — one performing the office of 
an adjective, and the other the office of an adverb. 

7. What ultimate authority decides the correct- 
ness of language ? 

8. Of what practical use are rules of syntax ? 

9. Give the syntax of the nouns in the following 
sentences, stating the reasons : 

I know that he is the officer. 
I believe Smith to be the man. 

10. Write a sentence containing a noun in appo- 
sition and a verb in the subjunctive mood. 



COMPOSITION. 

1. Which should be taught first, the science of 
language or the art? Why? 

2. Write a business letter. 

3. Write an application for a position as teacher. 

4. Write a plan of essay on the subject, — 

Strikes, — Their Causes and the Remedy. 

5. Upon what subjects will pupils write best ? 

6. Why has composition-writing been so generally- 
disliked by pupils ? 

7. Sufficient practice in language work will give 
pupils practical knowledge of what parts of English 
grammar? 

8. Compare the value of impromptu written work 
in composition, with work previously prepared. 

9. State five methods of supplying children with 
material for language lessons. 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxlli 

10. Write a brief account, either of President 
Cleveland's wedding or of the loss of the Oregon. 



RHETORIC. 

1. Punctuate the following sentences: 

(1) The one prudence in life is concentration the 
one evil dissipation 

(2) There are five moods the indicative the sub- 
junctive the potential the imperative and the infin- 
itive 

2. Define versification, stanza, foot, dactyl, iambus, 

3. Scan the following and name the verse : 

His gifts divine 
Through all appear, 

And round the year 

His glories shine. 

4. What are some of the more essential character, 
istics that distinguish poetry from prose? 

5. Define (1) Purity, (2) Unity, as these terms are 
applied to style. 

6. Define SynecJidoche and Metonomy. 

7. Name the rhetorical figures used in the follow, 
ing: 

Love is a sudden blaze which soon decays ; 
Friendship is like the sun's eternal rays. 

8. Point out the difference in meaning in the fol- 
lowing pairs of words: Observance, observation ; 
construe, construct ; sympathy, compassion. 



cexxiv FO UB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

9. Name the fault exemplified in the following 
sentence and correct it: It is impossible for us to 
behold the divine works with coldness or indiffer- 
ence, or to survey so many beauties without a secret 
satisfaction a^d complacency. 

10. When is the use of a foreign word or a newly 
coined one justifiable? 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. Mention the names of two of the great histori- 
ans of each of the following nations: Greece, Rome^ 
France, England, United States. 

2. Speak of the philosophy of Lord Bacon, and 
of its influence. 

3. Speak of the philosophical works of Charles 
Darwin, and of their influence. 

4. In what language were the writings of King 
Alfred ? Of Chaucer? 

5. What can you say of the works of Milton, 
(whether prose or poetical), to show that they were 
the natural product of the times in which he lived? 

6. Name five plays of Shakespere and five of 
Irving's works, and state which of them you have 
read. 

7. Give some account (1) of the most famous alle- 
gory of Bunyan- (2) of the Spectator. 

8. Give some account of each of the following 
poetical works: Longfellows's Evangeline^ (2) The 
Book of Job, (3) Whitiier's Sjunc-Bound. 

9. Mention two important works of each of the 



XEW YORK, ETC., JUXE m, 1886. ccxxv 



following writers; Pope, Goldsmith, O. W. Holmes, 
Tennyson, Brj'ant. 

10. Name the authors of the following: Aurora 
Leigh, The House of the Seven Gahles, Don Quixoie> 
The Confessions of an Opium Eater, Pendennis, The 
Cotter's ISatiirday Night, The Biglow Papers, Jane 
Eyre, Adam Bede, Rasselas. 



DRA.WING. 

1. Distinguish (1) between industrial drawing and 
artistic picture making ; (2) between free-hand draw* 
ing and instrumental drawing. 

3. To what is geometric drawing especially 
adapted ? Why? 

3. What mental powers are developed or strength- 
ened (1) by imitative drawing or copying ? (2) By 
reproductive drawing ? (3) By inventive drawing ? 
(4) By mechanical drawing ? 

4. The 0-Gee line in architecture has what name 
in art? Why? 

The two fundamental laws of design are: 

I. There must be a symmetrical arrangement of 
parts on the opposite sides of the axis of a design. 

II. There must be a symmetrical arrangement of 
parts about the center of a design. 

5. Draw a figure illustrating the first of these 
laws. 

6. Draw a figure illustrating the second of these 
laws. 



ccxxvi FOUB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TIOX. 

7. Draw an isometric cube in a circle of 1-incli 
radius. 

8. What is the meaning of the technical expres- 
sion "A properly balanced drawing or design? " 

9. In model or object drawing, what is "Drawing 
from the round?" 

10. What prominence should be given, in public 
schools, to industrial drawing? 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Locate the Caroline Islands, St. Petersburg, 
St. Helena, Pekin, and Abj'ssinia. 

3. Draw an outline map of the State of New 
York, locating (1) the principal rivers, (2) moun- 
tains, and (3) twenty of its cities. 

3. Name the ten counties of this State that border 
on the great lakes and the St. Lawrence. 

4. State two important effects of the gulf stream. 

5. Name five lakes that discharge their waters 
through Oswego river. 

6. Describe the trade winds and state their causes. 

7. Why are the polar circles located where they 
are? 

8. Name five countries, not including the British 
Islands, subject to the British government. 

9. What is the most direct water way from Lon- 
don to Calcutta? 

10. Why does the sun shine into the north win- 
dows moraing and evening in midsummer? 



XEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxvii 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What invention and what commercial needs 
led to the discovery of America? 

2. Give a brief sketch and some of the results of 
the introduction of African slavery into the Ameri- 
can colonies. 

3. Mention the names of five discovers prominent 
in early American history, with a brief statement of 
their discoveries. 

4. State the principal differences between the 
Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of 
the United States. 

a. What led to the War of 1812? 

6. What two national questions were permanently 
settled by the War of the Rebellion? 

7. Explain what is meant by the * 'Geneva Award, " 
and the ' 'Alabama Claims " 

8. Give a brief account of the acquisition of 
Alaska. In what important respects is this territory 
valuable to the United States? 

9. State the causes of the Mexican War. What 
territory was acquired as a result of that war? 

10. Name ten battles on American soil since the 
Declaration of Independence. Between what coun- 
tries were they fought? 



GENERAL HISTORY. 
1. State one important fact in the life of each 
of the following persons: Aristides, Miltiades, 
Leonidas, Themistocles, and Socrates. 



CCXXViii FO UB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. Name five ^eminent Romans, and state some 
historical event with which each was connected, 

3. Briefly describe the feudal system. 

4 State some of the important changes wrought 
by the Norman conquest. 

5. By whom was ifa^na Gharta granted? State 
one of its provisions that has become an important 
part of our common law. 

6. Write a brief account of the chief points in the 
life of Joan of Arc. 

7. What three sovereigns of England were the 
Children of Henry VIH? 

8. Give some account of the battle of Waterloo, 
and state its effects upon the history of Europe. 

9. Give some of the results of the Franco-Prus- 
sian war. 

10. What causes have led to the " Home Rule " 
discussions in the British Parliament? 



PHYSICS. 

1. Explain how differences in pitch and in loudness 
or intensity of sounds are produced. 

2. Describe the main parts of the Bell telephone, 
and explain its action. 

3. Explain the cause (1) of lightning, and (2) of 
thunder. 

4. State the effect of elevation on the barometric 
column, and give reason. 

5. Wby will a vessel of cold water placed in a 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxix 



cellar sometimes prevent the fruit and vegetables 
there from freezing? 

6. How could you illustrate, experimentally, in 
your school-room, the formation of dew? 

7. How could you illustrate experimentally, the 
principle on which a pendulum clock is regulated? 

8. Explain, using a diagram, how rays of light, 
parallel to the axis of a convex lens, are brought to 
a focus. 

9. A power of five pounds applied to a machine, 
by moving through a space of eighty feet, is capa- 
ble of moving how many pounds through a space of 
twelve feet? (No allowance is to be made for fric- 
tion.) 

10. Suppose the machine referred to in the last 
question, be a lever of the second class, show the 
relative positions and distances of power, weight, 
and fulcrum. 



CHEMISTRY. 

1. Are the elements that compose the greater 
portion of the atmosphere mixed or combined? 
State facts to prove the truth of your assertion. 
• 2. What produces the light that comes from a 
luminous flame? 

3, What is meant by kindling temperature? Why 
will shavings kindle more readily than larger masses 
of wood? 

4. Explain the effect produced by carbonic acid 
on lime water. 



ccxxx FO UR TEENTE ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

5. How do pig-iron, wrought iron, and steel dif- 
fer chemically ? 

6. Formulate the reaction that takes place when 
hydrogen is prepared from zinc and hydrochloric 
acid. 

7. What is the meaning of the term atomic weight? 
What is the meaning of the term quantivalence, or 
power of an atom? Illustrate your answers, by ref- 
ence to your formulas in answer to question 6. 

8. If, in the experiment referred to in question 6, 
100 grammes of the acid is used, how much zinc 
will be consumed? 

9. Why does a lamp smoke if the wick is too high ? 

10. Name two compounds that are formed when 
a candle burns; name the elements that form these 
compounds; and state the source from which each 
is derived? 



GEOLOGY. 

1. Give some plausible theory for the formation 
of the Appalachian mountains. 

2. Describe four silicates. 

3. Describe four varieties of quartz. 

4. What is shale ? What is argillaceous sandstone f 

5. What is gneiss ? What is syenite ? 

6. Describe the character and name the common- 
est components of the soils usually designated sandy, 
clayey, and loamy, respectively. 

7. What is the geographical position of the oldest 
rock formation of North America? What rea- 



NJEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxi 

sons can you assign for supposing this to be the 
oldest? 

8. Name the geologic period or periods represented 
in the county (name the county) in which you live; 
and the fossils, characteristic of the period, which 
you could identify. 

9. What do you suppose to be the origin of petro- 
leum? Of natural gas? 

10. How do you account for the salt deposits in 
this State? 



BOTANY. 

1. Name three characteristics of the endogens that 
distinguish them from the exogens. 

2. What is an herb? What is a shrub? 

3. Name the characteristics of annuals, biennials, 
and perennials; and say to which of these classes 
belong respectively the turnip, the grasses, the bur- 
dock. 

4. What are adventitious buds? What special 
purpose do they serve? 

5. What is the ordinary function of leaves? 
Name some of the modfied forms and functions of 
leaves? 

6. In what ways may you distinguish a compound 
pistil from a simple one? 

7. Assuming that a plant is composed of only 
these three parts: — root, stem, and leaf, — of what 
part or parts is the apple blossom composed? The 
onion? The potato? The bean pod? The thorn? 



ccxxxii FO JJR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. What is the difference between a cyme and a 
raceme ? 

9. What forces produce the flow of sap in plants? 

10. What part of the flower develops to produce 
the greater portion of the apple ? What part of the 
flower develops to produce the greater portion of 
the strawberry? 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. Point out the difference between the masticat- 
ing organs of the ruminant and the rodent^ and the 
habits of the animals indicated thereby. 

2. Point out the difference between the beetle and 
the butterjly, in respect to their manner of taking 
food. 

3. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, 
as they appear in the cat and the tortoise. 

4. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, 
as they appear in thej^s/i, and the insect. 

5. Describe different modes of respiration, as il- 
lustrated by the whale, the lobster, and the insect. 

6. What characteristics of a bird's skeleton show 
adaptation of structure to mode of life. 

7. Describe the different modes of development 
seen in the life of the amphibian or batrachian and 
the insect. 

8. Name the subkingdoms to which the following 
animals belong, respectively : the mole, the toad, the 
worm, the starfish, the oyster. 

9. To what order of the class mammals do the fol- 



NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxiil 

lowing animals belong respectively: the opossum, 
the ape, the hat, the porpoise, the dog ? 

10. Give the names and locations of the different 
fins commonly found on a fish. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. State the functions of the excretory organs of 
the skin, and what instruction you would give in 
reference to keeping them in healthy action. 

3. Describe the action of a muscular fibre. 

3. What habits would you recommend for main- 
taining a healthy condition of the digestive organs? 

4. Describe the course of the blood in the pulmo- 
nary circulation, and the change it undergoes in the 
lungs. 

5. What means would you recommend for secur- 
ing a vigorous flow of the blood through the lungs, 
and for its perfect aeration while there? 

6. Give the anatomy of the heart. 

7. Describe the course of a ray of light in the eye, 
naming the parts of the eye through which it suc- 
cessively passes. 

8. Name the two kinds of nerve tissue, describe 
their general appearance, and their respective func- 
tions. 

9. As applied to the blood, what is meant by the 
terms corpuscle, plasma, serum, clot? 

10. Trace a portion of food from the time it en- 
ters the mouth until its nutriment enters the blood. 



ccxxxiv FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

ASTRONOMY. 

1. Give the names of the planets that can be in 
inferior conjunction. 

2. Give the theory concerning the origin of the 
asteroids. 

3. Describe (1) the rings of Saturn; (3) the belts 
of Jupiter. 

4. Give directions for finding the north star. 

5. Define (1) Planetary Astronomy; (2) Stellar 
Astronomy; (3) Descriptive Astronomy; (4) Mathe- 
matical Astronomy. 

6. "Why has the distance to a fixed star never 
been accurately determined? 

7. To what did the twelve Signs of the Zodiac 
originally correspond ? 

8. Why is the same side of the moon always 
towards the earth? 

9. What is right ascension? What is declination? 
For what is each used? 

10. When and where did to-day begin? When 
and where will it end? 



CIVIL. GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is the limitation in the Constitution of 
the United States in regard to bills for raising rev- 
enue? 

2. Name the county officers representing the three 
departments of government. 

3. In whom is the treaty-making power vested? 



NJSW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxv 

4. Define (1) misdemeanor, and {^) felony. 

5. Explain the difference between indictment and 
conviction, 

6. What are the legal steps by which a territory 
may become a State? 

7. How are judges of the United States Supreme 
Court chosen? What is the length of their term of 
office? 

8. How may the Constitution of the United States 
be amended? 

9. Describe the process of electing a President of 
the United States. 

10. What constitutes a citizen of the United States? 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. What is meant by development as a method of 
teaching; and what advantages are to be derived 
from its employment? 

2. Distinguish between inductive and deductive 
methods of teaching. Illustrate each. 

3. What mental powers of the child are chiefly 
concerned in primary school work? 

4. Give a plan for teaching Physiology and Hygi- 
ene with special reference to the effects of alcoholic 
stimulants and narcotics. 

5. Describe two good methods of teaching chil- 
dren to express their thoughts in writing. 

6. Give two common causes of injury to the eyes 
of pupils. 

7. Explain a good plan for ventilating school- 
houses. 



ccxxxvi FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 



8. State three reasons why single school desks are 
preferable to double desks. 

9. Write an outline of an oral lesson on water and 
its uses. 

10. Do you favor general recesses or not? Give 
reasons. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Who has the legal authority to prescribe a 
course of study for public schools? 

2. When a district neglects to make needed re- 
pairs upon a school-house, what is the legal remedy? 

3. What provision does the law make to secure 
the attendance of teachers at Institutes? 

4. By what authorities may teachers be legally 
qualified ? 

5. Mention all the days in the year in which a 
teacher may legally close school without consent of 
the trustees and without loss of pay. 

6. What are the legal rights of a teacher in re- 
spect to corporal punishment? 

7. If a teacher holding a Commissioner's license 
proves to be entirely incompetent, what remedy has 
the district? 

8. What records must a teacher make in the school 
register? 

9. Who has the legal right to suspend a pupil 
from school? 

10. By whose order may a district school-house 
be condemned? 



irSW YORK, ETC., A UOUST 33, 188r. coxxxTii 

Flfteentli Eiaminalion for State Certificates, 

Held Simultaneously, August 23, 1887, at 

New York, Brooklyn, Newburgh, Albany, 
Plattsburgh, Watertown, Utica, Syra- 
cuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Sala- 
manca, AND Elmira. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, 
how may the divisor be found? If 10 apples be 
divided equally among 5 boys, which of the terms 
in the division are concrete, and which are abstract? 

2. What term is the base («) in commission? (b) in 
insurance? (c) in profit and loss? {d) in interest? ie) 
in discount? 

3. Deduce a rule for multiplying one decimal by 
another. 

4. Give an analysis of the process of dividing f by 
f , with reasons for each step. 

5. How many bushels of wheat will fill a hogs- 
head that holds 140 gallons of water? 

6. Given the amount and the rate, to find the base. 
Solve the foregoing, and give a practical business 
example to which it applies. 

7. A savings bank pays 4 per cent on deposits that 
remain six months, interest payable semi-annually. 
At the end of two years what amount is due a per- 
son who has deposited $200 at the beginning of each 
interest period? 



ccxxxviii FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Mark goods so that 15 per cent may be abated 
from the marked price and still a profit of 25 per 
cent be made. 

9. A note at 6 months for $350 was dated March 1, 
1887. May 1 a payment of $75 was made; and July 
1 the note was discounted by a bank. 

{a) When does the note mature? • 
(5) What were the proceeds of the note when it 
was discounted? 

10. With advanced pupils, in what order should 
a new topic, e. g., percentage, be studied? Give 
reasons for your answer. Describe the best method 
of teaching the tables in compound numbers, and 
give reasons why you consider this method the best. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. State the necesssity for book-keeping. 
3. What is shown by the debtor side of account? 
What by the creditor side? 

3. How can you ascertain the net capital at any 
time? 

4. What do you understand by double-entry 
book-keeping? 

5. What two advantages has it over single entry? 

6. What book is known in law as the "Book of 
Original Entry?" 

7. Write a negotiable note and show how it may 
be made payable to a third party. 

8. Define inventory and explain how one is 
taken. 



iV^TF TOBK, ETC., A UGU8T 23, 1887. ccxxxix 

9. James Mann bought of John Doe : 1 bbl. of 
flour at $6.25; 25 lbs. A sugar at 6i cents; 2 lbs. of 
coffee at 26 cents; 4 lemons at 2 cents; 22^ lbs. of 
butter at 23 cents, and 2^ lbs. of cheese at 15 cents. 
He paid $9 on account. Rule the form of day- 
book and ledger pages, make the original entry, and 
post it properly in ledger. 

10. Give two reasons for or against teaching this 
subject in the common schools. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Define (a) a polynomial; (5) a coefficient; (c) an 
exponent; {d) a literal equation; {e) elimination. 

3. What effect has a minus sign before a fraction ? 
Give an illustration. 

3. Prove that a'" — h"" is always divisible by a — b, 

4. In finding the value of the unknown quantity 
in the equation 

l£ — 6|= — ^ 
12 ' 4 

state (1) the successive steps; (2) the reason for each 

step ; and (3) the reason for the process in each step. 

5. Factor the quantities 

^3 _|_ ^2 5 — ^^3 53 . aQ(J ^4 J4^ 

6. Find the values of x and y in the equations 

(l)22^fy = ll 

7. Find the values of x and y in the equations. 

ax -\-hy ■= m 
ax -\- cy = n 



ccxl FIFTEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Expand (a — \IY, 

9. Introduce three geometric means between 3 
and 15y\. 

10. Find tlie unknown quantity in the equation 

8rc2 -J- 5^=343f . 

GEOMETRY. 

1. Prove that when the sides of a regular polygon 
are produced out consecutively in the same direc- 
tion, the sum of all the angles thus formed equals 
four right angles. 

2. Prove that the number expressing the area of 
any plane triangle equals one half the product of 
the numbers expressing the base and altitude. 

3. Draw two parallel lines and a line cutting these 
two obliquely. From the figure thus formed state 
four propositions in plane geometry. 

4. Draw and define {a) a circumference; (6) a 
chord ; (c) a tangent ; {d) a secant ; (e) a sector. 

5. Prove {a) that any angle inscribed in a semi- 
circumference is a right angle ; (6) that any angle in 
an arc greater than a semi-circumference is less than 
a right angle. 

6. Draw an oblique-angled parallelogram whose 
adjacent sides are in the ratio of 2 to 3 — an acute 
angle of the parallelogram being an angle of 60°. 
Show all work on the paper. 

7. When will the perimeter of a regular polygon 
and the periphery of an equivalent circle c5incide? 

8. Prove that two lines perpendicular to the sur- 
face of a body of water at rest are not parallel. 



NEW YOEK\ ETC., AUGUSTUS, 1867. ccxli 



9. Make and explain the following constructions: 
(1.) Given two angle of a triangles to construct 

the third angle. 

(2.) To find the centre of any given circum- 
ference. 

(3.) To divide a given straight line into parts 
proportional to any number of given lines. 

10. Prove that if a triangle be divided by a line 
parallel to its base, the sides of the triangle are 
divided proportionally. 

LATIN. 
1. Translate: Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et 
Latobrigis, finitimis, uti codem usi consilio, oppidis 
suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficiscantur: 
Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum 
Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, 
receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. 

1. Give principal parts of the verbs: Persuadent, 
usi, exustis, proficiscantur, and incoluerant, 

2. Give syntax of the following words: Jiauracis, 
finitimis, consilio, vicis, agrum. 

4. State the general law of sequence of tenses. 

5. Translate: Ubi vero moveri et appropinquare 
moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie com- 
moti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad 
hunc modum locuti: Non existimare Romanos sine 
ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis 
machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; 
se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere, 
dixerunt. 



ecxlii FIFTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 



6. Translate: Ibi se rursus iisdem opportunita- 
tibus loci defendebant. Haec eo facilius magnam 
partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrse naves tem- 
pestatibus detinebantur ; summaque erat vasto atque 
aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis 
portibus, difflcultas navigandi. Parse namgandi, in 
the last line. 

7. Write (1) the comparison, and (2) the declension 
in the singular, of the adjective from which /aa7m« 
is taken. 

8. Give the stem of each of the following nouns 
and explain the formation of the nominative from 
the stem: Pace^ celeritati, machinaiiones, partem; 
also select one word from each passage quoted above, 
and give an English derivative from it. 

9. Write in Latin : While these things are being 
done among the Veneti, Quintus Titurius Labinus 
with those forces which he had received from Caesar, 
came into the territories of the Unelli. 

10. Translate into Latin: This speech having been 
delivered, by Divitiacus, all who were present, with 
many tears, began to ask aid of Csesar 

GRAMMAR. 

"There are few writers for whom the reader feels 
such personal kindness as for Oliver Goldsmith, for 
few have so eminently possessed the magnetic gift 
of identifying themselves with their writings." — 
Irving. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1887. ccxliii 



1. Mention all the clauses in the above sentence, 
stating whether they are principal or subordinate. 

2. In the same sentence, by what is the meaning 
of the several subjects modified? 

3. Give syntax of writers, kindness, as, f&r in the 
first line, hndfor in the second line. 

4. Parse witJi, whom, and identifying. 

"Their place was supplied by men who had long 
suffered oppression, and who, finding themselves 
^uddenly transformed from slaves into masters, were 
impatient to pay back, with accumulated usury, 
the heavy debt of injuries and insults."— Jfacawtoy! 

5. Give syntax of finding, transformed, into, im- 
patient, and to pay. 

6. Write a sentence containing an adjective clause, 
and an adverbial clause. Write a sentence having 
a clause used as an object of a verb. 

7. Write sentences illustrating the following uses 
of the infinitive: 

a. As the subjective of a verb. 

b. As an noun in apposition. 

c. As the object of another verb. 

d. As an adjective. 

e. As an adverb. 

8. Illustrate by sentences the correct use of the 
words: lie, lay, sit, set and done, all used as verbs, 
Jiaving different meanings. 

9. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of 
participles, and state the syntax of each. 

10. Write the possessive singular and plural of 



ccxliv FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

each of the following: woman^boy,fox, lady, and 
father-in-law. 



COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. State briefly the relation which thought and 
language sustain to each other. 

2. Name two characteristics of good written com- 
position. 

3. Write a properly punctuated composition, con- 
taining not less than one hundred nor more than two 
hundred words, about coal. 

4. "Write a brief, well arranged business letter ad- 
dressed to John Doe. 

5. State two advantages to be derived from the 
introduction of illustrations in compositions and in 
public addresses. 

6. What is the difference between figures of 
syntax and figures of rhetoric? Give an illustration 
of each. 

7. Name and define two of each of the above. 

8. Distinguish between literal and figurative ex- 
pression and give an example of each. 

9. Show the province of rhetoric as distinguished 
from that of grammar. 

10. Show where in the "course of study, " rhetoric 
belongs and give reasons for your statements. 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1, Who wrote the Canterbury Tales? Of what are 
they made up? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST S2, 1887. ccxlv 

2. Name two writers of the sixteenth century, 
and name one work of each. 

3. Name the author of the Fairie Queene. Of 
Don Quixote. 

4. Name the author of the Pilgrim's Progress; 
state where it was written; name two prominent 
characters in it; and tell what each represents. 

5. Mention three English and two American his- 
torians and name one work of each, 

6. To what class of writers does each of the fol- 
lowing belong; Addison, Milton, Goldsmith, Thack- 
eray, Emerson? 

7. Name five of Scott's novels. 

8. What authors wrote the following; The Tale 
of Two Cities, Vanity Fair, Jane Eyre, Society and 
Solitude, and the Professor at the Breakfast Table? 

9. Name three great American poets, and mention 
one work of each. 

10. Mention one work of each of the following 
authors: Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Holland, and 
Bayard Taylor. 



DRAWING. 

1. Give five good reasons why industrial drawing 
should be taught. 

2. Define {a) free-hand drawing; {h) industrial 
drawing; (c) perspective drawing; and {d) mechanical 
drawing. 

3. In perspective drawing, what is the vanishing 
point or point of sight ? 



ccxlvi FIFTEEFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

4. Make two drawings illustrating the first law of 
design, viz: "The basis of all industrial drawing is 
geometric form." 

5. Draw a sectional view of a cup standing in a 
saucer (a) from the flat; {b) from the round. 

6. Draw a cube (a) in a circle of one inch radius; 
ip) in perspective, with front one inch square. 

7. Distinguish between imitative drawing and 
inventive drawing. 

8. Make an outline drawing that shall include at 
least two balanced or symmetrical curves. 

9. Show the value of drawing (a) as a means of 
intellectual devtlopment; (6) as a means of culture. 

10. Make an original design for some object in 
industrial art, 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Mention three separate divisions of geography 
and indicate the province of each. 

3. At what time in the year are the days and 
nights equal in length, and at what time are they 
most unequal? Give the reasons for the equality 
and for the inequality, 

3. Make a map of North America showing its out- 
lines and mountain ranges. Indicate upon your 
map: 

(a) The main rivers of the Mississippi river system. 
(5) The corn, wheat, sugar, cotton and rice belts 
of the United States. 

4. Which is higher above sea level. Lake Ontario 
or Lake Erie; Lake George or Lake Champlain? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST i^, 1887. ccxlvii 

Seneca Lake or Cayuga Lake? Give a reason for 
each answer. 

5. Mention five cities in the State of New York, 
the original location of which was largely influenced 
by physical causes, and mention the physical cause 
in each case. 

6. What is the standard time ? From what mer- 
idians is it reckoned? 

7. Give the name of a large city (not the capital) 
in each of the five countries of Europe, and tell for 
what each city is noted. 

8. Describe the gulf stream and show how and 
why the climate of Europe is affected by it. 

9. In going by steamer from London to Constan- 
tinople, through what bodies of water would you 
pass? 

10. Explain how geography should be taught (1) 
to beginners; (2) to advanced pupils. Give the 
order of topics in the latter case and the reason for 
the order given. 



HISTORY. 

1. Describe the event with which each of the fol- 
lowing names is most closely associated: DeSoto, 
La Salle, Sir Walter Raleigh, Roger Williams, and 
Henry Hudson. 

2. Explain the meaning of " Taxation without 
Representation," as used in Revolutionary times. 

3. Describe the battles of Oriskany and Saratoga; 
name the forces engaged, the leading generals in 
command, and state direct and indirect results. 



ccxlviii FIFTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 

4. Name the most remarkable event of Madison's 
Admiuislration, and state the causes which led to it. 

5. Name the Presidents who have died during 
their representative terms of office, and the Vice- 
Presidents who became President in each instance. 

6. By whom was "Magna Charta" granted? 
StGte something of its contents to show its great 
significance in English History. 

7. Give two causes which led to the French 
Revolution, and name three persons prominent in it. 

8. When did Victoria assume the throne of Great 
Britain? When was she crowned Queen? 

9. Wh'at cause lead to the consolidation of the 
present German Empire? 

10. Mention two great inventions of the nineteenth 
century and name the inventors. 



PHYSICS. 

1. Describe an experiment bj'" which you could 
show the elasticity of ivory, and state how the ex- 
periment proves elasticity. 

2. Describe some simple experiment by which you 
could show, in the school-room, how dew is formed. 

3. Two closed tanks on the same level and below 
the level of the water communicate with the reservoir, 
one by one pipe and the other by two; the pipes are 
all of the same size. What is the relative pressure of 
the water in the two tanks? Explain your answer, 

4. With a lever of the second class, the power is 
six and a half feet from the fulcrum, and the re- 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1887. ccxlix 

sistance five feet from the power. What is the ratio 
of the-power to the resistance when in equilibrium? 

5. When a Fanrenheit thermometer indicates a 
temperature of 68', what would be the reading of a 
centii^rade thermometer? 

6. Explain the cause of the globular form of a 
dew-drop, and the force which holds it to the blade 
of grass. 

7. How are the prismatic colors produced by a 
drop of dew in the sunlight? 

8. If the barometric colum stand at 30' inches, 
and the pressure of the atmosphere be 14.7 pounds 
to the square inch,w^hat does a cubic foot of mercury- 
weigh? 

9. A solid mass weighs 24 pounds in air, 20 pounds 
in water, and 16 pounds in another liquid. What 
is the specific gravity of that other liquid? 

10. Why does an object look smaller as it recedes 
from us ? 



CHEMISTRY. 

1. Explain, by the use of some familiar illustra- 
tion, the difference between a chemical and a physi- 
cal change. 

2. If you invert a bottle over a burning candle 
and hold it there until the flame is extinguished, 
what two gases, produced by the combustioo, will 
be found in the bottle? 

3. Explain how it is that the flame of a candle is a 
gas flame. 

4. If you dip a rod in hydrochloric acid and then 



col FIFTEENTH STA TEEXAMINA TION. 

hold it over the mouth of a bottle of ammonia 
water, what evidence of chemical action will you 
see? 

5. State the law of multiple proportions, and illus- 
trate it by an example. 

6. What is meant by the term combining weight of 
an element? Illustrate by an example. 

7. Explain the reaction which takes place and the 
effervescence which follows when a strong acid is 
poured upon limestone? 

8. Describe and explain the action of sulphuric 
acid upon wood. 

9. Describe a simple method of preparing nitrogen 
gas. 

10. Give a description of the metal potassium; 
also describe its action when thrown into water, and 
state the cause of this action. 



BOTANY. 

1. Explain the term piuTiate as applied to com- 
pound leaves. 

2. How would you distinguish a stem from a root? 

3. Describe a process by which plant cells 
multiply. 

4. Why does the bark of a tree separate easily 
from the wood when the sap flows abundantly? 

5. Describe an umbel, and state how it differs 
from a raceme. 

6. Is the corolla of a sunflower monopetalous or 
polypetalous? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 23, 1&37. cell 

7. How do exogens differ from endogens in respect 
(a) to the cotyledons; (6) to the venation of their 
leaves? 

8. In what part of the plant, Indian corn, do you 
find the pistils? 

9. Describe the process of grafting. 

10. What part of the flower becomes the pulp of 
the cherry ? 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. Why are the whale and codfish classed in the 
same sub-kingdom of animals? 

2. To which class of vertebrates do the porpoises 
belong? Why? 

3. What are the essential differences that distin- 
guish reptiles from batrachians (amphibians)? 

4. How does the heart of a bird differ from that 
of a snake? 

5. Describe the blood-vessel in an insect that 
answers to the heart in higher animals, stating 
location, shape and mode of action, 

6. How is the larva of an insect supplied with 

food? 

7. Describe the manner in which a butterfly takes 

its food. 

8. How is the larva of an insect distinguished from 

a worm? 

9. Name five fur-bearing animals, the family to 
which each belongs, and where it may be found- 
native. 



cclii FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TI02f, 

10. How do sponges and corals supply themselves 
with food? 



PHYSIOLOG-Y AND HYGIENE. 

1. How many bones are there in a human hand? 

2. Give the location and use of the sebaceous fol- 
licles or oil glands. What simple directions can be 
given for the proper care of the teeth? Why is it 
dangerous for a person who is perspiring to sit in a 
current of air ? 

3. Give the name and location of that class of 
blood-vessels in which the blood is changed in color 
from light to dark red. Explain the difference be- 
tween veins and arteries. 

4. How is the air forced into the lungs in respira- 
tion? What impurities are contained in expired air? 
Mention two devices for ventilating a school room 
that has no special facilities for ventilation. 

5. Which of the digestive fluids is most efficient 
in digesting fat? What are the two chief functions 
of food? Why is eating rapidly injurious? 

6. When alcohol has been taken into the stomach, 
what is the immediate and what is the more remote 
effect on the action of the heart? 

7. Trace the course by which the effect of an im- 
pression on the finger is conveyed to the brain. 

8. Describe the cornea of the eye. 

9. What effect is produced upon the blood by 
rebreathing air? How is that effect produced? 

10. Name five kinds of injurious results to the 
health of pupils, and the direct cause of each kind 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTUS, 1887. ccliii 

from the neglect of hygienic laws in the school 
room. 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. "What determines the boundaries of the mathe- 
matical zones of a planet? 

2. Explain how the sun's rays can strike the north 
side of a building in this latitude. 

3. What is the diameter — expressed in degrees of 
a great circle— of the circumpolar heavens as located 
from the parallel of 30° north latitude? 

4. What astronomical terms correspond to the 
geographical terms latitude and longitude ? 

5. If the earth's distance from the sun be repre- 
sented by 10, what number expresses the relative 
distance from the sun (a) of Jupiter? (6) of Mars? 
(Kepler's laws). 

6. Why does the north pole of the heavens change 
its location ? 

7. Which sign of the zodiac (in member or order) 
is the constellation Leo? 

8. When the sun is in Cancer in what sign is the 
earth? 

9. On what two things does the time of the annual 
revolution of a planet depend? 

10. Define {a) Occulation; {h) Nodes; (c) Constella- 
tion; id) Apogee; and {e) Perihelion. 

GEOLOGY. 

1. What are the chief chemical constituents of 
marble? Of slate? 



tJcUv FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXA3fINA TION. 

2. Which of the ingredients of granite forms clay 
when worn down ? 

3. Whatis metamorphicrock? Give an example. 

4. How are stalactites formed? 

5. Explain the origin of the chalk formations. 

6. Explain the origin of the flint that is often 
imbedded in chalk. 

7. Describe a callon and tell how it has been 
formed. 

8. Explain the processes by which rock forma- 
tions are produced by glacial action. 

9. Name five ages of the earth's existence as 
recognized in historical geology. 

10. What is the most abundant rock in your 
own county? What is its origin? (Name your 
county.) 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Explain the purposes of the writ of habeas 
corpus. 

2. What are the duties of grand juries? What are 
the duties of petit juries? 

3. Who are eligible to the presidency of the 
United States? In case of vacancy in the office of 
President and Vice-President of the United States, 
what is the law of succession? 

4. State the number of justices of United States 
Supreme Court, term of office, how chosen, effect 
of decisions, and the name of the present chief 
justice. 

5. How and when are Assemblymen and State 



NEW YORK; ETC., AUGUST 23, 1887. cclv 

Senators elected? Who are eligible to election? 
What is the length of the term of office of each, and 
how much is the salary? How many members of 
the Assembly? How many of the Senate? 

6. What is the length of the official term of the 
Governor of this State? What is a veto? Why is 
this power given to the Governor? How can a 
vetoed bill become a law? What power has the 
Governor in reference to appropriation bills? 

7. How may the Constitution of the State be 
amended? 

8. What legal authority have the voters of the 
school district in hiring teachers? What can the 
trustees do if the number of children attending 
school is too great to be accommodated in the dis- 
trict school house? 

9. For what cause can a school commissioner 
annul any license? 

10. What is the "School Age" in this State? 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. What mental powers are chiefly used in tli8 
acquisition of knowledge? 

2. Distinguish between synthetic and analytic 
methods of teaching. State the proper province of 
€ach in school work. 

3. Give outlines of a good method for securing 
written work in school. 

4. Distinguish between object teaching and ob- 
jective teaching, and state the relative value and im- 
portance of each in school work. 



cclvi SIXTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

5. Give a good plan for the proper training of the 
memory. 

6. Distinguish between the period of facts and the 
period of reasoning in the child's school life. 

7. What arrangement should be made, in a school 
programme, to secure the proper amount of study 
of each subject daily, by each pupil ? 

8. State two considerations that should always be 
elements in determining the degree of punishment 
for an offence. Give reasons, 

9. Describe the proper method of seating a school 
room with reference to convenience and health, and 
give reasons. 

10. In reading, to what is a drawling tone usually 
due, and how may it be corrected? Should the 
teacher read for an advanced class for their imita- 
tion ? Give a reason for your answer. How may 
the tendency to read too rapidly be corrected ? 
When, how, and why may you encourage the study 
of literature in reading classes ? 



Sixteentli Examination for Stale Certificates, 

Held Simultaneously, Aug. SO-24, 1888, at 

Albany, Clyde, Ogdensburgh, Seneca Falls, 

Batavla, Elmlra, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, 

Binghamton, Glens Falls, Rochester, Utica, 

Brooklyn, Mayville, Salamanca, Watertown, 

Buffalo, Newburgh, Saratoga Spa., Whitehall, 

Canandaigua. New York. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Define (a) fractional unit ; (&) eancellation; (c) 
root; {d) true discount; {e) proportion. 



A'^EW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclvii 



2. Resolve 42 into five different sets of factors. 

3. Hake and solve a problem illustrating how the 
cost of an article is found, from the list price, when 
two successive commercial, or trade, discounts are 
gwsren. 

4. Reduce to equivalent common fractions («) 
.0072i; (5) .8606. 

5. Find the area of a triangular piece of land 
whose base is 13 ch, 851., and whose hypotenuse is 
21 ch. 51. 

6. Find the avoirdupois weight of 1,000,000 silver 
dollars, the weight of a dollar being 412^ gr. 

7. A and B reside in the same town, and are as- 
sessed respectively $11,450 and $19,600. If A's tax 
is $31.80, what should be B's tax? 

8. Tape needles that cost |c. each are sold for 2c. 
What is the per cent, of profit on their cost? 

9. The solid contents of a cylinder 10 feet long 
are 17 cubic feet, IjieO^Vs cubic inches. Required, 
the diameter. 

10. $275.40. Albany. N. Y., Nov. 1. 1886. 
Three months after date I promise to pay to 

Gilbert Mason, or order, two hundred seventy-five 
and -^ dollars, value received. 

Henry Howell. 
A payment of $20 having been made and en- 
dorsed on the above note May 16, 1888, how much 
remains due to-day? 



ALGEBRA. 
1. Define the following terms: reciprocal, like 



cclviii SIXTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TIOX. 

quantities, identical equations, quadratic equation, 
surd. 

2. Reduce a; 4- & — -^—^ to an improper 

X 

fraction. 

3. What are the prime factors of a^ -]-ab^, and 
a^ -b^l 

4. A number is expressed by three digits. The 
sum of the digits is 9 ; the number is equal to forty- 
two times the sum of the first and second digits; 
and the third digit is twice the sum of the other 
two. Find the number. 

How many conditions are there to the preceding 
problem? Which one is implied in the others? 
Form the equations for solving the problem, using 
two or three unknown quantities. 

5. Form the equation for solving No. 4, using one 
unknown quantity, and giving full reasons for the 
statement. Complete the solution by either method 
and verify the result. 

6. Expand (a™ + c"* )^ by the binomial theorem. 

7. Find two numbers whose difference added to 
the difference of their squares is 150, and whose sum 
added to the sum of their squares is 330. 

8. Find the value of x in the equation Vx -|- 15 
+ V^aj = 15. 

9. Given, a : b::c : d and e :f::g : li. 

Prove, that the products of the corresponding 
terms of these proportions form a proportion. 

10. Given, the first term, the last term, and the 
number of terms in an arithmetical progression; 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclix 



write the algebraic formula for finding the sum of 
the terms. 

Given, the last term, the ratio, and the number of 
terms in a geometrical progression ; write the alge- 
braic formula for finding the first term. 

GEOMETRY. 

1. Define {a) quantity; (b) magnitude; (c) geome- 
try; (c?) a geometrical proposition; {e) plane geometry. 

2. Distinguish between a physical figure (as sur- 
face or solid), and a mathematical figure (as area or 
volume). 

3. Prove that if two triaugles have the three sides 
of one equal to the tliree sides of the other, each to 
each, the triangles are equal. 

4. If the area of a triangle, whose shortest side is 
6 feet, is 48 sq. feet, what is the area of a similar, 
whose shortest side is 9 feet? 

5. Distinguish between similar figures, equiva- 
lent figures, and equal figures. 

6. Deduce the rule, " The area of any plane tri- 
angle equals one half the product of the base and 
altitude." 

7. State the proposition, and draw the proper fig- 
ure for demonstrating the method of finding the 
number of degrees in an angle in the circumference 
of a circle formed by two chords. State, in order, 
the steps for demonstrating the proposition. 

8. State the proposition from which is deduced 
the rules (1) To find the hypotenuse of aright angled 
triangle ; and (2) To find either the base or the per- 
pendicular of a right-angled triangle. 



cclx SIXTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TJON. 



9. Draw a regular hexagon whose perimeter is 4^ 
inches, and prove, by demonstration, that the work 
is correct. 

10. Draw the proper figure and prove that, when 
each of four equal circles touches two of the others 
externally, the area included between the four arcs 
equals the area of a square whose side is the diame- 
ter of one of the equal circles, minus the area of 
one of the equal circles. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 
1, 2. Name the two principal books used in book- 
keeping; name threee auxiliary books. State the 
uses of each. 

3. Define debtor, invoice, and consignment. 

4. Rule a form of day-book, and make proper en- 
tries of the following transactions : 

1887, Jan. 1. I sold J. L. Hunt on account, 5 
bbl. flour at $6.35; 25 lb. sugar at 7c.; 5 bbl. pota- 
toes at $2.75. 

Sold C. E. Cady 2 lb. tea at $.65; 100 bu. pota- 
toes at $.75; 5 bbl. pork at $14.25. 

C. E. Cady paid on account $60. 

5. 6. A merchant began business with a capital of 
$3,500. After the close of a certain period he has 
property and is indebted as follows: Property — 
Cash, $1,575; J. L. Hunt's note, $3,750; merchan- 
dise, $4,000. Due from persons — A. C. Lobeck, 
$150; Luke Hill, $175; J. R. Bowman, $107.15; W. 
J. Mann, $315. Debts — Note in favor of Thomas 
Hunter, $1,500; Note in favor of Henry Davis, $3,- 



iVEW YOU A', ETC., AUGUST 20, 18S8. cclxi 

000. Due on personal account, to R. R. Wood, 
$750; Hugh Evans, $375; W. E. Crocker, $1,375. 
Make a statement showing the capital at the close, 
and the net gain or loss. 

7, 8, Rule forms of journal and ledger in double 
entry, and make the proper entries of the following 
account in each. 

Jan. 12, I sold James Tanner 

125 bu. wheat at $1.00 $125,00 

13, 100 bbl. flour at $6.25 625.00 

14, 625 bu. oats at 40c •. 250.00 

15, 325 bu. corn at 50c. 162.50 

Jan. 20, he paid me cash $500, and gave a 

bankable note for balance at 60 days. 

9. Write a check, and receipt in full. 

10. What is the purpose of the trial- balance? 



^ GRAMMAR. 

* 'Whatever can be known of earth we know," 
Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells 
curled ; 
"No!" said one man in Genoa, and that No 
Out of the dark created this New World. 

Lowell. 

1. Write a list of the several clauses in the above 
extract, indicating whether they are principal or 
subordinate. 

Note.— In giving clauses, it is sufficient to men- 
tion only simple subjects and simple predicates; i. «., 
all modifying words may be omitted. 

2. What are the objects of the verbs know and 
sneered ? 



cclxii SIX TEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 



3. Change the last clause to the passive voice, 
and parse the verb in the clause thus formed. 

4. Give the syntax (case and why) of whatever^ 
men, curled, the second no, dark. 

5. Give synopsis (first person, singular) of the 
conjugation of the verb know in the passive voice. 

6. Write a single sentence containing an adjective 
clause, an adverbial clause, and an objective clause. 

7. Write five sentences, each illustrating a differ- 
ent use of the infinitive. 

8. Write a sentence having a predicate noun (at- 
tribute) modified by a relative clause. Write a sen- 
tence in which occurrs a noun used independently 
before a participle. 

9. Illustrate by a sentence the use of a personal 
pronoun after a comparative. Write a sentence 
whose subject is a clause. 

10. Write a sentence containing a noun of the 
first person, in apposition with a noun or pronoun^ 
and give the syntax of the nouns and pronouns in 
the sentence. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1-5. Write a composition of not more than two- 
hundred words about the steam engine,— using the 
following outline: 

a. By whom invented. 

b. General uses indicated. 

c. Prominent parts described. 

d. Uses of described parts. 

e. Materials used in construction. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1888. cclxiii 

Or about Arnold's treason, — using the following 
outline: 

a. Date and place. 

b. Cause. 

c. Andre's connection with it. 

d. His capture by patriots. 

e. Arnold's flight. 

6. Define taste, and show how it may be cul- 
tivated. 

7. Name three essentials of a good style in writing. 

8. State the difference between an elegant style 
and a florid style. 

9. Define allegory, and name one great example 
in prose and one in poetry. 

10. Name the figures of speech in the following 
extracts : — 

a. He bridled his temper. 

h. Milton! England hath need of thee. 

c. No doubt wisdom shall die with you. 

d. There were twenty sail. 

6. We find it in Shakespeare. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. Define (a) didactic prose; (6) narrative poetry. 

2. Name one standard work in each of the above 
classes of writings. 

3. Mention three prominent characters in the 
"Merchant of Venice." 

4. Name one work of each of the following au- 
thors: Goldsmith, Cowper, DeQuincey, Coleridge, 
Mrs Browning. Briefly describe two of the works. 



cclxiv SIXTEENTH ST A TE EX A Mm A TION. 

5. Name five of Dickens's stories, and the abuses 
at which two of them were aimed. 

6. Mention three prominent American poets ; give 
titles of two poems with brief description of one 
poem of each author, 

7. In what department of literature was each of 
the foil )wing writers noted? Daniel Webster, Em- 
erson, Motley, George Eliot, Horace Mann. 

8. Name a prominent historian of England; of 
France ; of Rome ; of Greece ; of the United States. 

9. Name two works of Thomas Carlyle. Char- 
acterize his style. 

10. Name five famous American orators of the first 
half of the present century. 

GEOGRAPHY, 

1. What two counties of this State are wholly or 
chiefly in 

a. The Hudson River basin? 

h. The Susquehanna River basin? 

c. The Genesee River basin.? 

d. The Oswego River basin? 

e. Lake Champlain basin? 

2. Name the Atlantic States, in order, from north 
to south, and name the capital of each, 

3. Name and locate five large cities of the Do- 
minion of Canada. 

4. Name four large rivers that rise in the Alps, 
and the body of water into which each flows. 

5. Name two prominent rivers of Asia flowing 
north, two flowing east, and one flowing south. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxv 



6. Name and locate the place of growth of two 
each of the following: (a) Cereal plants; (b) Oil- 
yielding plants; (c) Sugar-yielding plants; (d) Fiber- 
yielding plants; (e) Narcotic plants. 

7. (Show why, in the torrid zone, the western 
slopes of the Andes are largely sterile, while the 
eastern slopes are covered with verdure, 

8. Account for the difference between the climate 
of Maine and that of Oregon. 

9. Explain the origin of icebergs, and show why 
they are found floating in the track of steamers 
crossing the Atlantic ocean. 

10. Through what one common point of the earth 
do the planes of all the great circles pass? 

HISTORY. 

1. Between what leaders was the battle of Actium 
fought? 

2. What two States were the chief opponents 
in the Peloponnesian war? What was the issue of 
the war? About how many years ago did it occur? 

3. What leader at the battle of Tours stopped the 
progress of the Saracens in Europe? 

4. What was the Spanish Armada? For what 
was it organized? What were the results of its 
defeat? 

5. What main cause led to the execution of 
Charles I. of England? 

6. Name the seven presidents who were re-elected. 

7. What was the nulification act of South Caro- 
lina? How did the United States Goverment treat it? 



cclxvi SIXTEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Give an account of the discovery of the Mis- 
sissippi river. 

9. What event principally caused the change of 
sentiment in the United State in regard to duelling? 

10. What effect had the Erie canal upon the set- 
tlement of the Northwest? Why? 



DRAWING. 

1. What constitutes the difference between artis- 
tic picture-making and industrial drawing? 

2. Of what two kinds do the outlines of any in- 
dustrial design consist? 

3. What technical name is applied to drawing by 
scale with the use of instruments? 

4. Give proper dictation for drawing a straight- 
line six-pointed star in a circle two inches in 
diameter. 

5. What is the basis of all industrial design? 

6. Name five geometric forms— or type forms — 
used largely in industrial drawing. 

7. Name ten occupations in which a practical 
knowledge of inventive drawing is valuable. 

8. Draw a Roman cross in a three-inch square. 

9. Make an original design for a section of a border 
6 inches long and 1 inch wide. 

10. Draw an original design for a circular window, 
on a scale of 1 inch to the foot. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
1. State the similarities, and the differences, in 
the structure of the shoulder joint and the hip joint. 



XEW YOIilu ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxvii 

2. Describe the intervertebral cartilages, and ex- 
plain their use. 

3. Describe the tendons, and their adaptation to 
their use. 

i. How does breathing remove impurities from 
the blood? 

5. Explain the change from arterial to venous 
blood. 

6. If the flow of bk)od through an artery be per- 
manently obstructed, how may the circulation still 
continue? 

7. Describe the lymph ; the lymphatic circulatioi^. 

8. Why do not the auricles require so strong 
walls as do the ventricles. 

9. Describe the mucous membrane; the connect- 
ive tissue. 

10. What effect is produced in different degrees 
by the use of tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco? 

ZOOLOGY. 

1. What common characteristic has led to the 
classification of the fly and the lobster in the same 
sub-kingdom? 

2. If the queen bee were removed from a hive 
before depositing all her eggs, how would her place 
be supplied? 

3. A tadpole can live under water, but when he 
becomes a frog he is obliged to come to the surface. 
What change of structure has caused this change 
in mode of living? 



cclxviii SIXTEENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. 

4. Is it good policy for farmers to kill moles? 
Why? 

5. Explain the meaning of the phrase ''Survival 
of the jiitesi" as used in Zoology. 

6. What name is given to the family of birds that 
corresponds in structure and habits to the carnwora 
among Mammals? Describe two characteristic fea- 
tures of that family of birds. 

7. Name five different animals belonging to the 
family of Rodents. 

8. Describe the gizzard of a bird both as to struc- 
ture and functions. 

9. Describe the method, peculiar to the Rumi- 
nants, of taking and masticating food. 

10. Describe the locomotion of a snail. 



PHYSICS. 

1. What is a molecule? 

2. How do you explain the solution of salt in 
water, in accordance with the molecular theory? 

3. How does elevati/?n affect the boiling point of 
-a liquid? Why? 

4. What determines the height to which a suc- 
tion pump will raise water? 

5. Viewed mechanically, what is the difference 
between a high and a low tone? 

6. Describe the method of producing an electro- 
magnet. 

7. Why does a mixture of salt and ice become 
KJolder than either ingredient? 



N' EW YORK. ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxix 

8. Which of the seven bands of the spectrum is 
refracted most? Which least? 

9. Exphiin the connection between the falling of 
the barometric column and the approach of rain. 

10. Why does the hot air rising from a furnace 
seem to be dryer than the same air before it is 
heated? 



GEOLOGY. 

1. Give three characteristics by which quartz may" 
be known. 

8. How may most carbonate rocks be readily de- 
tected? Give three examples of such rocks. 

3. What is the dip of a stratum? What is its 
cause? 

4. Explain the difference between stratification 
and lamination. 

5. What is Dynamical Geology? 

6. What is the distinction between argillaceous 
and aluminous rock? 

7. To what age (or system) does the Medina sand- 
stone belong? The Potsdam sandstone? the Gen- 
esee shale? 

8. Mention two processes of nature by which 
granite may have been exposed on he tops of 
mountains. 

9. Which has the wider geographical distribution, 
— the primitive species of animals, or the later spe- 
cies? Why? 

10. What evidence have we that at some period- 
the sea has covered all the land? 



cclxx SIXTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. What is the law of definite proportions? Give 
an illustration. 

2. Name a charcteristic property of each of the 
following elements when free and at ordinary tem- 
perature: Bromide, iodine, chlorine, aptimony, 
potassium. 

3. Explain the cleansing power of soap. 

4. Express by symbol the composition of am- 
monic hydrate (aqua ammonise). 

5. Write the symbols of the following elements: 
Copper, iron, sodium, gold, silver, sulphur, lead, 
magnesium, manganese, mercury. 

6. Describe the method of preparing quick-lime 
from limestone, and the chemical change produced. 

7. What property gives great value to platinum? 
To tin? 

8. Explain the evolution of heat and the produc- 
tion of light during the combustion of illuminating 
gas. 

9. Describe the Davy safety lamp, and the phil- 
osophy of its action. 

10. What is meant by the igniting point of a sub- 
stance? Take the case of a friction match for an 
illustration. 

BOTANY. 

1. What is the principal office of leaves? 

2. How could you determine, by examining a ten- 
dril, whether it were a modified stem or a modified 
leaf? 



NEW YOTih\ ETC., AUGUST 20, 18S8. cclxxi 



3. Name an example of a biennial, and a peren- 
nial herb? 

4. How are strawberry vines propagated? 

5. Name a plant that has parallel-veined leaves; 
netted-veined leaves; pinnate compound leaves; pal- 
mate compound leaves. 

6. Name the essential parts of a flower, and state 
why these parts are called essential parts. 

7. By what change or process of development are 
double flowers produced? 

8. What is fruit? Illustrate by naming the fruit 
of a potato plant. 

9. What service do insects render in the fertiliza- 
tion of flowers? 

10. By what two ways does unassimilated plant 
food reach the leaves? 

ASTRONOMY. 

1. What is the difference between apogee and 
perihelion? 

2. At what point in her orbit does the moon enter 
her third quarter? At what point does she leave it? 

3. What constitutes the day of any planet? What 
the year? 

4. Explain, and give the time of occurrence, of 
(1) the equinoxes of the earth; (2) the solstices. ' 

5. What planets can never be in inferior con- 
junction? Why? What ones can never be in op- 
position? Why? 

6. What two conditions are essential to an eclipse 
of the sun? 



cclxxii SIXTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 

7. What determines the location of the tropics of 
a planet? the polar circles'? the zones? 

8. Why can there never be a transit of a superior 
planet? 

9. Give Kepler's law concerning the radius vector 
of a planet; draw a diagram illustrating the law. 

10. Give the proof that the moon makes one revo- 
lution on its axis in the same time that she makes 
one revolution round the earth. 



LATIN. 

1. Translate: Tandem vulneribus defessi, et pe- 
dem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter mille pas- 
suum, eo se recipere coepernnt. Capto monto et 
succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum 
millibus circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et 
novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros latere 
aperto aggressi circumvenere. 

3. Give principal parts, mode, and tense of each 
of the following: defessi, referre, coeperunt, claude- 
bant, aggressi. 

3. Give syntax of nostras and Tiovissimis. Explain 
how novissimis has its meaning in this passage. 

4. Translate : His traditis omnibusque armis ex 
oppido collatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum per- 
venit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 

5. Give syntax of Ms, oppido, fines, se. 
Translate : Atque in alteram partem item cohor- 

tandi caussa profectus, pugnantibus occurrit. What 
is coliortandi? Explain its use. 

7. Express in Latin : Then at length Liscus, in- 
duced by the speech of Csesar, disclosed what he 
had before kept to himself. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxxlli 

8. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of a 
relative clause expressing purpose. 

9. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of the 
gerundive. Explain its grammatical construction. 

10. Translate: In quos eo gravius Caesar vindi- 
candum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempusa 
barbaris jus legatorum conservaretur. Explain the 
use of Tindieandum. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Give, in a logical order, the three principal 
steps in conducting a class exercise, and the object 
to be secured by each step. 

2. What three conditions should determine the 
length of time for the recitation or class- work of a 
class? 

3. Why should primary teaching be chiefly ob- 
jective? 

4. What common school studies especially train 
the logical reasoning powers? 

5. Give a plan for the use of objective lessons in 
language teaching. 

6. Give five reasons why a knowledge of psycho- 
logy is essential to intelligent philosophical instruc* 
tion. 

7. In a school-room warmed by a stove, what is 
the best place for the stove — to warm the room and 
protect the pupils from drafts of cold air? Give 
reasons. 

8. How much home study may properly be re- 
quired of primary pupils? Of advanced pupils f 
Give reasons. 



cclxxlv SIXTEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

9. Give reasons for uniformity of text-books; 
for variety of text-books. State your preference for 
one or the other. 

10. Would you require additional study or other 
school work as a penalty? Give reasons. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. State the composition of each of the three de- 
partments of the government of the United States. 

2. What is a constitution f 

3. What is a court of original jurisdiction? An 
appellate court? 

4. Mention five powers conferred upon Congress 
by the Constitution of the United States. j 

5. What jurisdiction has a government over waters 
of the ocean adjacent to its territory? 

6. Define (a) deed; (&) mortgage. 

7. What is the basis of representation in the 
United States Senate. 

8. Mention five purposes for which a trustee may 
expend money without being authorised so to do by 
a vote of his district. 

9. Upon whom is the power to condemn a school - 
house conferred, by enactment of the legislature of 
1887? 

10. How may a vacancy in the office of trustee be 
filled? In the office of collector? In the office of 
member of the board of education of a union free 
school district? j' 



KEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25. 1889. cclxxr 

Seveiiteentli Eiamination for State Certificates, 

Held Simultaneously, Aug. 26-SO, 1889, at 



Albany, 


Clyde, 


New York. 


Saratoga Spa.. 


Batavia, 


Elraira, 


Ogdensburgh, 


Seneca Falls, 


Binghamton, 


Glens Falls, 


Oneonta, 


Syracuse, 


Brooklyn, 


Gouverneur, 


, Plattsburgh, 


Utica, 


Buffalo, 


Mayvllle, 


Rochester, 


Watertown, 


Canandaigua 


. Newburgh, 


Salamanca, 


Whitehall, 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Write the symbols used in Arithmetic, (a) of 
number; (b) of operation or computation; (c) of re- 
lation; (d) of aggregation. 

2. Reduce (a) to lowest terms, f|^; (6) to the 
least common denominator, f, ||, y'^; (c) to a deci- 
naal. /t; (<0 to a fraction, .047^. 

8. A bushel measure is 18^^ inches in diameter and 
8 inches deep. Find the dimensions of a similar 
measure that will contain one peck. 

4. At 6 o'clock A. M. the thermometer indicated 
20° above zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at 
6 o'clock, P. M. , 7° below zero. Find the average 
temperature from the three observations, and ex- 
plain the process. 

5. A ranchman bought a flock of sheep for $31,- 
620; 15 per cent of them died, and he sold the re- 
mainder at 23 per cent above cost. Required his 
gain or loss. 

6. Make and solve a problem illustrating the ap- 
plication of brokerage in both buying and selling 
stocks. 



«clxxvi SEVENTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. If the time is 9 months, 24 days, and the rate 
per annum is 5 per cent, what per cent of the prin- 
cipal is the interest ? 

8. Find the proceeds of an interest-bearing note 
dated Albany, N. Y., April 5, 1889, payable in 6 
months, and discounted at the bank to-day. 

9. Find the interest on a $1,000 U. B. 3 per cent 
bond, from May 11, 1889, until to day, (Exact in- 
terest.) 

10. What is the area of an isosceles triangle whose 
base is 16 feet, and whose equal sides are each 17 
feet? 



BOOKKEEPING. 

1. In an account kept with a bank, with what ii 
the bank debited ? With what credited f 

2. Paper payable on demand should be entered in 
what account when received or given ? 

3. Mention five classes of items that should be in. 
eluded in an expense account. 

4. What is the distinguishing feature of single 
entry book-keeping as to the nature or kind of ac- 
counts kept ? 

6-6. Write a draft for one hundred dollars, pay- 
able sixty days after sight, drawn by George Mills 
on Henry V. Crane of Albany, N. Y. , in favor of 
Jones & Wells, and accepted August 15, 1889, to be 
paid at the Traders' bank. 

7. When does an account exhibit a liability ? A 
loss? 

8. State what it meant by the italicized word or 
•zpreasion used in each of the following: 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ^, Vm. cclxx?il 

He will h/ynor the draft. 
I sent him a Utter of credit. 
The note will be paid at maturity. 
The oMets are greater than the liabilities. 
He expects a remittance next Monday. 
9-10. Rule the necessary forms, and enter the 
following memorandum by both single and double 
entry, through the several books required : 
March 30, 1880, Sylvester, Bond & Co., of Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., sold Edward J. Swift, on account, 228 
barrels of flour at |6.18 per barrel. 

ALGEBRA. 
Define {a) power; (6) common factor; (c) ratio; (d) 
pure quadratic equation ; {e) imaginary quantity. 

2. State five axioms employed in algebra. 

3. Factor Za-\-Q 4/a-f-3; x^—x—\\(i. 

4. Prove (a) that a quantity with a negative ex- 
ponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quan- 
tity with an equal positive exponent; (&) that a 
quantity with the exponent zero is equal to one. 

5. Under what conditions is the sum or the differ* 
ence of the same powers of two quantities exactly 
divisible by tho sum of the quantities ? By their 
difference ? 

6. Givca ^^4±^ = iit??. to find the value 

i/ic + 4 \/x-{^ 

of z. 

7. Expand (4a;*— i*)* by the binominal theorem. 



oclxxvili SEVENTEENTH STATE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Extract the square root of 10a»— 6a*y-j-o* — 

0. Make and solve a problem in geometrical pro* 
gression, in which a, n, and r are given to find I. 

10. The length of a rectangular lot exceeds its 
breadth by 20 yards; if each dimension be increased 
by 20 yards, the area of the lot will be doubled. 
Find the dimensions of the lot. 

PLANE GEOMETRY. 

1. Prove that the area of a circle may be found 
by multiplying its circumference by one-half its 
radius. 

2-3. Define (a) rhomboid ; (b) homologous sides; 
(c) mean proportional; (d) sextant; («) hypothesis. 

4. Demonstrate the truth of the proposition: 
equal chords of a circle are equally distant from its 
center. 

5. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect 
each other at right aDgles. 

6. Prove that, of the four terms of a proportion, 
the sum of the first and second is to their difference, 
as the sum of the third and fourth is to their differ- 
ence. 

7. By construction, find a straight line that is a 
mean proportional to two given straight lines. 

8. Give in succession the steps in finding the 
centre of a circle. 

9. The diagonal of & square is 3 inches. Con- 
struct the square. 



NJEW TOSK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1886. cclxxix 



10. The diameter of a circle is 74 feet. Find the 
length of a chord whose perpendicular distance from 
the centre of the circle is 35 feet. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Distinguish between "royal." "charter," and 
** proprietary " governments in the colonies. Give 
an example of each kind. 

2. State two causes which led to the French and 
Indian war. 

3. Give an account of the capture of Stony Point 
by Gen. Wayne. 

4. What causes led to the adoption of the Consti- 
tution of the United States ? 

5. Give a brief sketch of the first inauguration of 
President Washington, together with some of the in- 
cidents connected with the centennial anniversary 
of that inauguration. 

6. Sketch briefly the acquisition of Florida by the 
"Dnited States. 

7. What was done by Napoleon III. upon this 
continent, during our civil war ? How did this 
government carry out the principles of the Monroe 
Doctrine ? 

8. Mention two things for which each of the fol- 
lowing were prominent: Franklin, Hamilton, Sew- 
ard, Chase, Seymour. 

9. Name the battle which is recognized as the 
turning point in the Revolutionary War; the Civil 
War. Give reasons for such recognition. 



cclxxx SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

10. What American was most prominently asso- 
ciated with each of the following enterprises and 
inventions: the first steamboat on the Hudson; the 
Erie canal; the electric telegraph; the reaper; the 
sewing machine; vulcanized rubber; repeating fire 
arms; the Atlantic cable; the Brooklyn Bridge; 
deepening the channel at the mouth of the Missis* 
sippi ? 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. What gave rise to the first of the Persian in- 
vasions of Greece ? Who was then the king of 
Persia ? 

2. Name the Grecian leader in each of the follow- 
ing great battles: Marathon; Thermopylae; Salamis; 
Plataea. 

3. In what field of literature was each of the fol- 
lowing noted: Homer; Herodotus; Aristotle? 

4. Name the First Triumvirate. 

5. What is meant by the Hegira; the Koran; 
Islam ? 

6. For what is each of the following especially 
noted: Von Humboldt; Faraday; Leverrier; Da- 
guerre ; Agassiz ? 

7. What three great armies took part in the Bat- 
tle of Waterloo ? What effect had that battle upon 
the fortunes of Napoleon Bonaparte ? 

8. State facts about Louis Napoleon; Bismarck; 
Gladstone ; John Bright. 

9. For what are the following names respective- 
ly famous: Lord Bacon; Harvey; Newton; Milton; 
Jenner ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 19SQ. cclxxxl 

10. State some facts as to the Norman Conquest 
of England. 

GRAMMAR. 

1 But Bacon performed what he promised. In 

2 truth, Fletcher would not have dared to make 

3 Arbaces promise, in his wildest fits of excitement, 

4 the tithe of what the Baconian philosophy has 

5 performed. 

6 The true philosophical temperment may, we 

7 think, be described in four words, much hope, 

8 little faith; a disposition to believe that anything, 

9 however extraordinary, may be done; an indis- 

10 position to believe that anything extraordinary 

11 has been done. * * * With great minuteness 

12 of observation, he had an aptitude of compre- 

13 hension such as has never yet been vouchsafed 

14 to any other human being. The small, fine mind 

15 of Labruyere had not more delicate tact than the 

16 large intellect of Bacon. The Essays contained 

17 abundant proofs that no nice feature of charac- 

18 ter, or peculiarity in the ordering of a house, a 

19 garden, or a court-masque, could escape the 

20 notice of one whose mind was capable of taking 

21 in the whole world of knowledge. * * * 

22 No man would go to Bacon's works to learn 

23 any particular science or art, any more than he 

24 would go to a twelve-inch globe in order to find 

25 bis way from Kensington turnpike to Clapham 

26 Common. * * * 

27 But that a man like Bacon should have taken 

28 them for more, that he should have thought the 



celxxxil SEVENTEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

29 discovery of Buch resemblances as these an im- 

30 portant part of philosophy, has always appeared- 

31 to us one of the most singular facts in the history 

32 of letters. 

33 The truth is that his mind was wonderfully 
84 quick in perceiving analogies of all sorts. 

— LoKD Macaulay. 
1-2. Select ten subordinate clauses as follows : (a) 
three object clauses; (b) two subject clauses; (c) two 
adverbial clauses; (d) one relative clause; (e) one ap- 
positive clause; (/) one attributive clause, i. e., used 
like a predicate noun. 

3. What are the modifiers of words (line 7) ; to learn 
(line 22)? 

4. Select an infinitive used like (a) an adjective; 
(6) an adverb ; (c) a noun. Select also two principals 
each of which is the object of a preposition. 

5-6. Give the syntax of Arbaces (line 3) ; Uihe (line 
4); indisposition (line 9); intelkct (line 16); world (line 
21); Bacon (line 27); discovery {line 29); these (line 29); 
pari (line 30); o?ie (line 31). 

7. Parse such and as (line 13); any, more and than 
(line 23). 

8. Select (a) two transitive verbs in the active 
voice; (6) two transitive verbs in the passive voice; 
(c) one intransitive verb, 

9. Using a subject in the third person, singular 
number, give a synopsis of the verb move in the 
potential mode, present tense, in all possible forms. 

I: 10. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of 
what ; give the syntax of what in each instance. 



ymV YOBK, ETC., AUGUST 2Q, 1889. cclxxxiil 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1-2. Give five rules for the use of the comma; 
write a sentence illustrating each. 

3. What rule to prevent ambiguity should be ob- 
served in locating in a sentence (a) a phrase ? {b) a 
relative pronoun ? 

4. Define and illustrate (a) alliteration; (i) irony. 

5. Name the figures of speech employed in each 
of the following selections : 

(a) Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the 
kisses of an enemy are deceitful. 

(ft) Place me among the lyric poets, and I will 
strike the stars with my lofty head, 

(c) Ye crags and peaks, I'm with you once again. 

(d) The kettle boils. 

ifi) The boy, oh ! where is he ? 



TOPICS. 

(a) The Centennial of the First Inaugura- 
tion OF THE United States ; 

(5) The Battle of Saratoga; 

(c) The Electric Telegraph. 

6-7. Write an outline of not less than five main 
divisions with such subdivisions as seem appropriate, 
for a composition upon one of the above topics. 

8-10. Write a composition of not more than two 
hundred words, using the outline as given in an- 
swer to 6-7. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 
1. Name one of Shakspeare's plays, and mention 
four prominent characters in that play. 



cclxxxiv SEVENTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 

2. Who was the author, respectively, of each of 
the following: Kasselas; Don Quixote; the Bride of 
Lammermoor; Dombey and Son; John Halifax, 
Gentleman ? 

3. Mention a prominent characteristic of the writ- 
ings of George Eliot, Scott, Burns, Cooper and Irv- 
ing. 

4. Name a prominent character in one work of 
each of the following authors: Hawthorne, Cooper, 
Longfellow, Holmes, Bryant. 

6. With what celebrated newspapers were the 
following persons once connected: Horace Greeley; 
James Gordon Bennett; William Cullen Bryant; 
Henry J. Raymond; Thurlow Weed? 

6. Name the essays of Macaulay which you have 
read, and mention two characteristics of his style. 

7. Sketch briefly the contents of one of those 
essays. 

8. Name four of Whittier'a poems which you have 
read, and give a brief outline of one of them. 

9. Mention three of the prominent characters 
shown in the fireside scene in Snow Bound, and 
state for what purpose the poem seems to have been 
written. 

10. State five facts as to Whittier's literary work. 

LATIN. 

SELECTIONS PROM C^SAR'S COMMENTARIES. 

1 Postquam id animum advertit.copias suas Caesar 

2 in proximum collem subducit, equitatumque, qui 

3 sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST i»,\m. Cclxxxr 

4 in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum 

5 quattuor veteranarum; sed in summo jugo duas 

6 legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime con- 

7 scripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari, ac totum 

8 montem hominibus compleri et interea sarcinaa 

9 in unum locum conferri, et eum ab his, qui in 

10 superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. 

11 Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine 

12 transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt, neque 

13 nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi 

14 causa riderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria de* 

15 ficere coepit, concilio convocato, constituerunt 

16 optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti, et» 

17 quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum in- 

18 troduxissent,adeosdefendendo8undique conveni- 

19 rent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis flnibus de- 

20 certarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae 

21 utereutur, 

22 Accedebat ut, quum saevire yentus coepisset et 

23 se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent f acil. 

24 ius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu re- 

25 lictae nihil saxa et cautes timerent; quarum rerum 

26 omnium nostris navibus casus erant extimescendi. 

27 Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi in- 

28 tellexit frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hos- 

28 tium fugam captis oppidis reprimi neque his 

29 noceri posse, statuit expectandam classem. 
1-3. Translate the above selections. 

4. Give the principal parts, mode and tense of 
compleri (line 8); conferri (line 9) ; f efelliise (line 12;) 
progredi (line 13); extimescendi (line 26). 



cclxxxvl SEVENTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINATION. 

5. Give the syntax (case and reason for it) of jugo 
(line 5); oppido (line 11); domum (line 16); copiii 
(line 20); navibus (line 26). 

6. Explain the construction and use of expugnan- 
do(line 11) pugnandi (line 13); expectandam (line 
29). 

7. Decline domum (line 16); his (line 9). Com- 
pare potius (line 19); optimum (line 16). 

8. Give reasons for the mode of sustineret (line 8). 
What is its tense ? Why ? 

9. Translate into Latin : (a) At daybreak he sent 
forward all the cavalry to hinder their rear; (6) 
If they wished anything, they might return, April 
13th. 

10. Translate into Latin : It is announced to Caesar 
that the Helvetii intend to make a journey through 
the country of the Sequani and Aedui, into the ter- 
ritory of the Santones. 

FRENCH. 

PBBMIBB VOYAGE DE SINBAD LB MABIH. 

Translate : 

1-2. J'avais herite de ma famille des biens con- 
•iderables; j'en dissipai la meilleure partie dans lei 
follies de ma jeunesse; mais je revins de mon aveu- 
glement, je reconnus que les richesses etaient peris- 
sables, et qu'on en voyait bientSt la fin quand on led 
menageait aussi mal que je faisais. Je penssi de 
plus que je consumais malheureusement dans una 
vie dereglee, le temps, qui est la chose du monde la 
plus precieuse 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2Xi, 1889. ocIxxxtM 
LBS MONTAGNES DS LA SUISSE. 

Translate: 

3-4. Tantdt d'immenses rocbes pendaient en ruiaes 
au-dessus de ma tSte; tantdt de hautes et bruyantes 
cascades m'inondaient de leurs epais brouillards; 
tantdt un torrent eternel ouvrait ^ mes cdtes un 
ablme dont les yeux n'osaient sender la profondeur. 
A c6te d'une caverne on trouvait des maisons; on 
voyait des pampres sees, des vignes dans les terres 
eboulees d'excellents fruits sur les rocbes, et dea 
cbamps dans les precipices. Roussbau. 

Translate : 
5-6. Donnez ! pour etre aimes du Dieu que se fit 
bom me, 
Pour que le mecbant mSme, en a'inclinant yout- 

nomme, 
Pour que votre foyer soit calme et f raternel ; 
Donnez t afin qu'un jour, ^ votre beure der- 

ni^re, 
Centre tons vos pecbes vous ayez la priSre 
D'un mendiant puissant au ciel. 

Victor Hugo. 

7. Wbat is tbe mode and tense of ayez in above 
stanza? 

8. Name five words used idiomatically witb awnr. 

9. Conjugate the present tense of the IndicatiTo 
mode of venir. 

10. Translate into French : 

(a) Do you intend to go to church to-day t 

(ft) I see a little girl in tbe garden. 

(0) Have you neither the book nor the paper f 



cobaxviii SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

(d) Where will you be on Monday ? 
(«) How many days are there in a year ? 

GERMAN. 
Translate: 

HANS IM GLOCK. 

1-2. Hans hatte seinem Herrn sieben Jahre ge- 
dient, da sprach er zu ihm: "Herr, meine Zeit ist 
herum, nun will ich wieder helm zu meiner Mutter; 
gebt mir meinen Lohn. " Der Herr antwortete : ' 'Du 
hast mir treu und ehrlich gedient; wie der Dienst 
war, so soil der Lohn sein," und gab ihm ein StUck 
Gold, dass so gross als Hansens Kopf war. Hans 
zog sein Ttichlein aus der Tasche, wickelte den 
Klumpen hinein, setzte ihn auf die Schulterund 
machte sich auf den Weg nach Haus. — Grimm. 
Translate : 

DER WILDB APFELBAUM. 

3-4. In der hohlen Stamm eines wilden Apfel* 
baumes liess sich ein Schwarm Bienen nieder. Sie 
fUllten ihn mit den SchS.tzen ihres Honigs, und der 
Baum ward so stolz darauf , dass er alle anderen 
B^lume gegen sich verachtete. Da rief ihm ein Hos- 
enstock zu: Elender Stolz auf geliehene Silssigkeit- 
en I Ist deine Frucht darum weniger herbe? In 
diese treibe den Honig herauf, wenn du es rer- 
magst, und dann erst wird der Mensch dich segnenl 
— LESBiNa. 
Tranlate: 

HOFFNUNG. 

5-6. Es reden und trSumen die Menschen viel 
Yon bessern kunftigen Tagen; 
Nach einem glticklichen, goldenen Ziel 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1889. cclxxxix 

Sieht man sie rennen und jagen. 

Die "Welt wird alt and wird wieder jung, 

Doch der Mensch hoff t immer Verbesaerung. 

Die Hoffnung fahrt ihn in's Leben ein, 
Sie umflattert den frOhlichen Knaben. 
Den Jtingling lockt ihr Zauberschein, 
Sie wird mit dem Greis nicht begraben ; 
Denn beschliesst er im Grabe der miiden Lauf, 
Nach am Grabe pflanzt er— die Hoffnung 
auf. — Schiller. 

7. Decline in German, tJie good man, in singular 
and plural. 

8. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: 
schlagen, beginnen, fliehen, treiben, schneiden.^ 

9. Conjugate gelobt werden in the perfect passive 
tense of the indicative mode. 

10 Translate into German: 

(a) How long have you been in this country ? 

(b) We have five great hotels in this long street. 

(c) Franklin, a celebrated American, invented the 
lightning-rod. 

(d) Have you read something new in the news- 
paper ? 

(e) Who was conquered in the battle at Waterloo? 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Define (a) anatomy; (b) physiology; (c) hygiene. 

2. Name ten bones of the body, and give one use 
of each. 

3. Name five glands, .and give one use of each. 

4. Of what is blood composed? Distinguish be- 



ccxc SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. ' 

tween arterial and venous blood as to chemical com- 
position. 

5. Name and locate two pairs of nerves, and give 
the chief office of each. 

6. State an effect of the continual and excessive 
use of alcohol upon each of three different organs. 

7. Name and describe three different membranes, 
and give one use of each. 

9. State {a) what the body receives from inhaled 
air; {h) what exhaled air has received from the 
body. 

10. "When blood flows from a wound in the arm, 
how may it be known whether an artery or a vein 
has been cut? If an artery, how may the flow of 
blood be stopped at once? If the main artery of 
the arm were severed, how would blood be supplied 
to the hand in the future? 

ZOOLOGY. 

1. Describe two features in respect to which the 
carnivora differ from the ruminants. 

2. How many normally developed toes has a 
horse? an ox? a pig? a hen? an ostrich? 

3. How do whales differ from fish, as to organs 
of respiration? 

4. Describe the organ by which a venomous ser- 
pent poisons its victim. 

5. How many legs has a fly? a bee? a butterfly? 
an ant? a spider? 

I 6. Mention a common characteristic of the opos- 
\ 49um and the kangaroo. 



NEW TOIiK, ETC., AUGUST 216, 1889. COXd 

7. How does the heart of a crocodile differ from 
that of a hippopotamus? 

8. During which one of the three periods of the 
life of an insect that undergoes metamorphosis, 
does it consume the most food? 

9. Describe a compound eye. Name an animal 
provided with compound eyes. 

10. Name five characteristics in respect to which 
the quadrumana differ from the bimana. 

PHYSICS. 

1. A gold ring weighs 25 grains; the sp. gr. of 
gold is 19 ; how much will the ring weigh when 
suspended in water? 

2. Explain the principle by which a barome- 
ter indicates the height of a mountain. 

3. When a moving body is brought to rest by a 
stationary object, what becomes of the energy that 
propelled the moving body? 

4. Illustrate the meaning of the term latent heat, 
employing as your illustration the formation of 
«team from water. 

5. Give illustrations of the three ways in which 
heat is conveyed 

6. Why is little or no dew deposited under the 
trees of a forest? 

7. If the sun is 60° above the horizon, what angle 
will a line drawn from the eye to the sun's image in 
the water make with the surface of the water? 

8. A stick of timber, 12 ft. long, of equal dimen- 
fiions throughout and weighing 300 lbs. , rests on two 



ccxcii SEVEN-TEENTE STATE EXAMINA TION. 

supports; the first support at one end of the stick: 
sustains a weight of 120 lbs. How far from the 
other end is the second support? 

9. Describe some common phenomenon which 
shows that sound requires time to move from one 
point to another. 

10. Give an illustration of osmose of gases. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Trace two navigable water-routes from Buffalo 
to New York city, not going by the ocean. 

2. Name and locate ten prominent colleges or uni- 
versities in the United States. 

3. Locate (<z) the Great Antilles; (5) the Balearic 
Islands; (c) the Channel Islands; {d) the Philippine 
Islands: {e) the Canary Islands. 

4. Give source, general direction, and outlet of 
(o) the Rio Grande; (6) the Orinoco; (c) the Niger; 
{d) the Ganges; {e) the Danube. 

5. For what is each of the following cities es- 
pecially noted: London; Berlin; Constantinople;. 
Alexandria; Damascus ? 

6. What is the chief manufacturing industry of 
Lynn; Sheffield; Lyons; Pittsburg; Belfast ? 

7. Define (a) iceberg; {b) avalanche; (c) glacier; 
(d) monsoon ; («) simoon. 

8. Give two causes of ocean currents. Trace the 
courses of two great currents. 

9. Mention two conditions on which vegetation 
ordinarily depends. Show the application of your 



2rUW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1889. ccxciU 

^answer to the vegetation of Iceland and that of the 
-Amazon valley. 

Y 10. Sketch the drainage system of New York, 
naming prominent rivers, mountains, and lakes. 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. Explain the milky appearance produced by 
passing the breath through lime water. 

2. When a cold tumbler is held over the flame of 
a candle, water is deposited upon the inside of the 
glass. Explain the formation of the water. 

3. When zinc immersed in acidulated water de- 
composes the water, what becomes of the compo- 
nents ? 

4. Why is the flame of a Bunsen burner less lum- 
inous than an ordinary gas flame ? 

5. Give three properties of the metal which forms 
a constituent of clay. 

6. If a mass of pure carbon weighing one pound 
in a vacuum be burned in open air, what will be 
the weight of the resulting compounds, weighed in 
a vacuum ? 

7. How is copper nitrate prepared ? What is its 
color ? 

8. Which is the richer in oxygen, water or air ? 
Why will not ordinary combustibles burn in water ? 

9. What two elements enter into the composi- 
tion of sand (silex) ? 

10. What property of charcoal makes it a purifier? 



ccxciv SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

GEOLOGY. 

1. Define (a) friability; (5) erosion. 

2. What are fossils ? 

3. Give two evidences in support of the theory 
that the earth's crust was once in a plastic condition. 

4. Draw a diagram showing how water is forced 
to the surface in flowing artesian wells, naming^ 
each formation shown in the diagram. 

5. Give a commonly accepted theory of petrifac- 
tion. 

6. State causes why some great rivers have deltas 
and others have none. 

7. In what is anthracite coal similar to the dia- 
mond ? In what, different ? 

8. Name three oceanic forces that are making 
changes on the earth's crust. 

9. State three geological facts which you have 
observed. 

10. Name in order of age the oldest three ages of 
rock formation. 

BOTANY. 

1. Name five plants that flower but once during 
their period of existence, and write the botanical 
term which indicates the duration of the life of each 
plant named. 

2. Mention two ways in which propagation takes 
place naturally in flowering plants. 

3. Name the organ by which a plant is mainly 
supplied with liquid food ; with gaseous food. 



2imr YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1889. CCXCY 

4. What is assimilation ? In what organs does 
assimilation in plants mainly take place ? 

5. In what part of the stem of a cotyledonous 
plant is the oldest tissue ? 

6. In what season of the year are buds formed on 
trees and shrubs? 

7. What part of the flower bears pollen ? What 
part bears the ovules ? 

8. What is fertilization ? How are hybrids pro- 
duced ? 

* 

9. State whether the edible parts of the following 
plants belong to the root or the stem : the turnip, 
the beet, the onion, the potato, the sweet potato 

10. Explain, and illustrate the meaning of the 
terms, species and genus, as used in botany. 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Why is the horizon oblique to the apparent 
daily courses of the heavenly bodies ? 

2. If you should see a star in the zenith, at mid- 
night, January first, where, approximately, would 
it be seen at midnight, on the first of the next Feb- 
ruary ? Give reason for your answer. 

3. What change in the position of the earth would 
cause days and nights of equal length on every part 
ot the globe ? 

4. There was an eclipse of the sun January 1, 1889. 
State, approximately, the date of the first full moon 
thereafter. Give reason for your statement. 

6. How much does the sun, at noonday, vary in 
altitude during the year ? 



ccxcvi SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. Locate the equinoctial points. 

7. Explain, by the use of a diagram, the varia- 
tions in the apparent magnitude of the planet 
Venus. 

8. What are meteors ? How do they become 
heated ? 

9. Mention one or more observations that have 
led to the conclusion that there is no water on the 
moon. 

10. Is the apparent daily motion of the moon ac- 
celerated, or retarded, by its real motion in its 
orbit ? 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Define (a) percept; (b) concept. 

2. Give the reasons upon which the following ed- 
ucational maxims are based : 

{a) From the concrete to the abstract. 
{b) From facts to principles. 

3. Define {a) education ; (b) instruction ; (c) train- 
ing. 

4. What is a rational method ? An empirical 
method ? 

5. In teaching geometry, should pupils be re- 
quired to memorize the words of the demonstration? 
Give reasons for your answer. 

6. Give two methods of gaining and holding the 
attention of pupils during the recitation. 

7. State three principals which underlie all good 
school government. 



NEW TOUK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 168Q. ccxcvii 



8. Specify two kindergarten practices that could 
profitably be employed in primary schools. 

9. Should there be too much light in a school- 
room, -what part of the-windows should be shaded? 
Why? 

10. In endeavoring to secure good enunciation 
from pupils, what directions should be given ? 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. What is the provision of the Constitution of 
the United States in regard to duties on exports ? 

2. What conditions make the United States Sen- 
ate a body of greater dignity than the House of Rep- 
resentatives ? 

3. Define (a) beligerants; (6) neutrals; (c) contra- 
band of war. 

4. Explain the difference between filling oflQces of 
this State by election and by appointment. 

By which of these methods is each of the follow- 
ing chosen: Superintendent of Insurance; State 
Engineer and Surveyor; Attorney- General; State 
Assessor; Comptroller V 

5. What is a quorum ? What constitutes a 
quorum in either branch of the Legislature of New 
York ? 

6. Why is the Speaker of the Assembly entitled 
to a vote in that body at all times, and the Lieuten- 
ant-Governor entitled only to the casting vote in the 
Senate ? 

7. What is the penalty prescribed for willfully dis- 



CCXCviU SEVBNTEENTE 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

turbing or interrupting a common school ? How 
may it be enforced ? 

9. What restriction upon giving orders for teach- 
ers' wages, by trustees, upon a supervisor or a col- 
lector, was made in the laws of 1888 ? 

9. For what may trustees suspend a pupil from 
school ? 

10. What are the qualifications required for the 
State certificate f For the college graduate's certifi- 
cate ? 

DRAWING. 

1. Define (a) simple curve; (6) compound curye; 
(c) balanced curves. 

2. Name and make two kinds of straight lines aa 
to {a) direction; (6) relation. 

3. Name and represent (a) three plane type-forms; 
(6) three solid type-forms, showing at least two sides 
of the latter. 

4. Make an original design of a patern for calico 
printing. 

5. Make working drawings of (a) a cylinder; (6) a 
cone; (c) a triangular prism. 

6. GiTe the proper dictation for drawing a regu- 
lar octagon in a circle. Construct a regular penta- 
gon. 

7. Make an original design of a Gothic arch win- 
dow, on a scale of an inch to the foot. 

8. Draw a vase (a) on a level with the eye ; (5) 
above the level of the eye; (c) below the level of the 
eye. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. ccxcix 

9. What is meant by foreshortening? Illustrate 
by a drawing, 

10. The examiner will place a chair upon the table 
in front of the class. Each candidate will then make 
a sketch of such chair as it appears to him, and state 
its relative position to his own. 



MWmW Eiamination for State Certificates, 

Held Aug. 25-29, 1890. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Reduce (a) 28 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. to bushels; (b) 
^ mi. to rods, yards, feet, and inches. 

2. Find the least common multiple of 63, 35.28, 
andlDlif. 

3. A factory valued at $22,500 is insured in three 
companies for $4,500, $4,000, and $3,500 respect- 
ively. If 35 per cent of the property be destroyed 
by fire, what will be the loss of each of the three 
companies? 

4. A piece of land 26 ch. 40 1. by 18 ch, 9 1., was 
purchased for $2,300, and was sold for $47.50 per 
acre. Required, the gain or loss by the transaction. 

5. Make and solve a problem illustrating the use 
of bank discount. 



ccc EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. A gold watcli case 14 carats fine, weighing 36 
pennyweights, is alloyed with silver and copper in 
the proportion of two parts of silver to one of cop- 
per. Find the weight of each kind of metal in the 
case. 

7. The interest is equal to S^jj per cent of the 
principal, and the time is 1 yr. 5 mo. 21 da. Find 
the rate per annum. 

8. The list price of a certain piano is $1,200, and 
commercial or trade discounts of 50 per cent, 33^- 
per cent, and 25 per cent are allowed to dealers. If 
a dealer sell one of these pianos for $500, what is 
Ms profit? 

9. The diagonal of the floor of a square room is 
22 ft. 7.53 in. Find the length of one side of the 
room. 

10. The net proceeds of a sale of 116 shares of 
railroad stock, brokerage i per cent, were $8,482.50. 
Required, the rate at which the stock was sold. 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Define (a) root ; (b) proportion ; (c) geometrical 
progression ; (d) simultaneous equation ; (e) evolu- 
tion. 

2. What are the prime factors of ax^ — a? 

3. Extract the cube root of 6a»—8-{-^a^—Za*-\-12a 
— lla»-l-a«. 

4. Develop the formula for obtaining the sum of 
a series when the first term, the number of terms, 

and the common difference, are given. 

5. Prove that, if four quantities are in proportion. 



NEW YOBK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. ccci 



they are also in proportion (a) by inversion ; (b) by 
composition. 

6. Upon what axiom is based the rule (a) for clear- 
ing an equation of fractions ; (b) for the change of 
the sign of a quantity transposed from one member 
of an equation to the other. 

7. Expand {\x^-\-2xK)^ by the binomial theorem. 

a Solve ^^^±1^=0. 
V^ 4 a; + 1-2 f x 

9. Find the value of x in the equation ax*-\-bx 

10. What are the steps necessary to prove that the 
product of the means is equal to the product of the 
extremes, in the proportion a:b::c :dT 

GEOMETRY. 

1-2. Define, and illustrate by a figure or figures, 
(a) secant ; (b) exterior angle ; (c) alternate angles ; 
(d) sector ; (e) similar polygons. 

3. Prove that the sum of the angles of any triangle 
equals two right angles, 

4. Through a given point construct a line parallel 
to a given straight line. 

5. Prove that if from any point within a parallelo- 
gram straight lines be drawn to the extremites of 
each of two opposite sides, the sum of the two op- 
posite triangles thus formed is equivalent to one-half 
the parallelogram. 

6. Construct a square equivalent to the difference 
of two given squares. 



cccii EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 



7. Prove that lines bisecting the angles at the base 
of an equilateral triangle meet at a point (1) in a 
line drawn from the vertex, perpendicular to the 
base, and (2) one-third of the distance from the base 
to the vertex. 

8. The three sides of a triangle are respectively 2 
inches, 3 inches, and 4 inches. Construct a similar 
triangle whose area shall be two and one-fourth 
times that of the given triangle. 

9. Prove that if two chords intersect each other in 
a circle, their segments are reciprocally proportional. 

10. Find the diameter of a circle the side of whose 
inscribed square is 4 feet. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1-2. Distinguish between real and personal ac- 
counts, and give an example of each. State some 
transaction in which both are involved. 

3. What is the distinguishing feature in form be- 
tween a negotiable and a non-negotiable note ? 

4-5. Explain the method of closing the following 
accounts : 

(a) Merchandise (with stock on hand). 
(6) Expense, (c) Bills payable. 
Memoranda. — Henry Cole and Newton Wilson 
-enter into a co-partnership on the first day of July, 
1890, under the firm name of Cole & Wilson. Mr. 
Cole transferred to the firm the assets and liabilities 
-of an established business, as follows : 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. ccciii 



Assets,— Mdse, per inventory, $13,806.75 

Note against Geo. Peabody, 163.16 

Acct. " Willis Say re, 81.40 

Note " Richard Ellis, 207.35 

Acct. •' Emmet Jones, 273.18 

" Philip Best, 106.19 
Furnit. and fixtures, per invent., 311.50 

Liabilities— assumed by firm, — 

Note, favor of Alexander Hope, $500.00 

Acct., " "Elbert, Crane & Co., 913.80 

" " Barret^ Bro's, 436.90 

Mr. Wilson put into the business : 

{a) Note against Howard Spencer, $1,500.00 

(b) Cash, _ - - 4,800.00 

(c) Real estate (per inventory), 6,800.00 

6-7. Open a Day Book for the firm setting forth 
the foregoing Memoranda in Day Book form. 
8-9. Journalize the several Day Book entries 
10. Post the several accounts. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Fate summoned, in gray -bearded age, to act 

2. A history stranger than his written fact, 

3. Him who portrayed the splendor and the gloom 

4. Of that great hour when throne and altar fell. . 

5. Paralyzed of will, 

6. Above his bier the hearts of men stood still, 

7. Then, as if set to his dead lips, the horn 

8. Of Roland wound once more to rouse and warn, 

9. The old voice filled the air! His last brave word 
10. Not vainly France to all her boundaries stirred. 



ccciv EIGHTEEN TH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

11. Strong as in life, he still for freedom wrought, 

12. As the dead Cid at red Toloso fought.— TAi^rs. 
Note. — The first five questions refer to the above selection. 

1. Name and classify five subordinate clauses, sup- 
plying ellipses when necessary. 

2. Select ten phrases, classifying them as adjec- 
tive or adverbial. 

3. Select five words (giving line in which each is 
found), which connect clauses expressed or implied, 
and state to what part of speech each belongs. 
Which of them always perform the office of a con- 
nective between a subordinate clause and some part 
of a principal clause? 

4. State the grammatical construction of para- 
lyzed (line 5); to rouse (line 8); icarn (line 8). 

5. Give the syntax of (a) history (line 2); (b) his 
(line 2); (c) fact (line 2); (d) him (line 3); (e) France 
(line 10). 

6. Write a sentence containing the word as so 
used that it may be considered a pronoun. 

7. Conjugate some verb in the common form, 
passive voice, indicative mode, future tense, in two 
ways so as to show the uses of shall and icill. 

8-9. By sentences illustrate the use of a clause in 
each of the following constructions: (a) subject of a 
finite verb; (b) object of a transitive verb; (c) object 
of a preposition; (d) appositive, i. e., like a noun in 
apposition; (e) attribute, ^. e., like a predicate noun. 

10. Illustrate by sentences the use of a verb taking 
two objects, (a) each denoting the same person or 



NEW YORK, ETC., A UGUST 25, 1890. cccv 

thing*; (b) each denoting a different person or 
thing. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. Roll ou, thou deep and dark blue Ocean— roll I 

2. Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain; 

3. Man marks the earth with ruin,— his control 

4. Stops with the shore; upon the watery plain 

5. The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain 

6. A shadow of man's ravage, save his own, 

7. When for a moment, like a drop of rain, 

8. He sinks into thy depths with bubbing groan, 

9. Without a grave, unknelled, uncoflBjied, and unknown, 

—By7'on. 
Note.— The first eight questions refer to the above selec- 
tion. 

1. Scan by marking off the feet, and state what 

kind of verse. 

3. Select the rhetorical figures, and name each. 

3. Justify the use of the comma, (a) after on in the 
first line ; (b) after uncoffiiud in the ninth line. 

4. Justify the use of the capital letter in the word 
ocean, first line. 

5. What is the predominant quality of style? 
Give reasons for your answer. 

6-8, Re-write the selection in prose, expressing 
substantially the same thought. Adapt both ar- 
rangement and diction to prose composition. 

9. Paraphrase the proverb, "One swallow does 
not make a summer." 

10. Recast the following sentences, and state what 
rule of Rhetoric is violated in each: 

* Many supply an infinitive between the two objects, thus 
giving a different construction. 



cccvi EWnTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

(a) They are brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon 
turned. 

(b) To weep for grief is human; to weep for anger 
is womanish ; to weep for compassion is divine ; to 
weep for fear is childish. 

(c) Avarice is a crime which wise men are often 
guilty of. 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

I. THE LADY OF THE LAKE. Scott. 

1. Where is the scene of this poem laid? What 
is its subject? 

2. Mention five characters named in the poem, 
with some peculiarity of each. 

3. Give a brief account of the speeding of the 
fiery cross, as told in the third canto. 

4. Upon what three characteristics of this poem 
does the interest depend? 

5. Mention three of Scott's personal characteris- 
tics. 

II. LIFE AND VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. Irvilig. 

6. Give some of the incidents of the first voyage 
of Columbus as related here. 

7. Give a brief account of his reception by the 
Spanish Sovereigns on his return from this first 
voyage. 

8. Mention some traits of his personal character, 
and illustrate by incidents connected with these 
voyages. 

9. How had Irving specially prepared himself for 
writing this work? 



NIJW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890. cccvil 

10. Mention three characteristics of Irving's style 
as shown in this work. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name and locate seven inland lakes of New 
York. 

2. State how the water of eacli reaches the ocean. 

3. Name and locate five capes of North America. 

4. Name three great rivers of the United States, 
west of a meridian passing through the centre of the 
Mississippi valley. Into what does each flow? 

5. Name a State of the Union in which each of 
the following is found in large quantities : lead, 
copper, marble, gold, silver. 

6. Bound Ecuador, and give its capital. 

7. Where are the lakes of Killarney? The Shet- 
land Islands? The Cheviot Hills? 

8. Locate each of the following, and state for 
what it is famous : Naples, Florence, Genoa, Malaga, 
Palos. 

9. Name and locate the largest city of China, of 
Japan, of Hindostan. 

10. The latitude of France corresponds nearly to 
that of Michigan. Account for the great difference 
in the climate of the two sections. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 
1. Mention two Englishmen, two Frenchmen, and 
two Spaniards who were prominent in the settlement 
of America. 



cccviii EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. State when, why, and how negro slavery waa 
introduced into the American Colonies ; and state- 
when and how it was abolished. 

3. Show how New York came to be first under 
Dutch rule, and afterward under English rule. 

4. Mention one inter-colonial war, and give the 
remote and immedii^te causes of such war, 

5. Give a brief account of the battle between the 
Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis. 

6. State the main cause, two of the most promin- 
ent incidents, and the most important result of the 
war of 1813. 

7. What causes led to the secession of the South- 
em States? 

8. Name and locate a battle of the Civil War in 
which each of the following generals respectively 
commanded the Union forces : McClellan ; Sher- 
man ; Meade ; Hooker ; Grant. 

9. Name, in order, the presidents of the United 
States, inaugurated since 1852, giving the term of 
office of each. 

10. State facts about each of the following: 
Charles Sumner ; Stephen A. Douglas ; Wendell 
Phillips ; Rufus Choate ; Henry Ward Beecher. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Give a brief account of the Roman conquest of 
Jerusalem. 

2. What was the Augustan Age? What charac- 
terized it? 

3. State facts as to Charlemagne and the Franks,. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890. cccix 



4. Name five great battles which may be called 
•decisive battles in tlie world's history. 

5. "Name a great historical work by each of the 
following : Gibbon, D'Aubigne, Hume, Macaulay, 
Grote. 

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 

6. Name the king and queen of France at this 
time. State facts as to the personal characteristics 
of each. 

7. Mention three things which are generally con- 
sidered causes of this revolution. 

8. Give an account of the assassination of Marat. 

9. Who were the Girondists? The Jacobins? 
N'ame two prominent leaders of the latter party. 

10. What was the general effect upon the history 
of the world, brought about by this revolution? 

DRAWING. 

1. From what three sources is material for stand- 
ard decorative design mainly obtained? 

2. How many axes of symmetry has a circle? An 
oval? An ellipse? Illustrate the last two. 

3. Represent a cube, 2 inches edge, above the eye, 
with two upright faces equally in view, i. e. the 
oube is placed at an angle of 45°. 

4. Draw top and front views showing facts of form 
an4 position of the same cube, at the same angle. 

5. Represent corresponding upper and lower cor- 
ners of this room joined by a vertical edge. Use at 
ieast five lines to show the necessary principles in 
perspective. 



cccx EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. Represent the following ^roup in front and 
below the eye : a square plinth 1 inch high, and 
base 3 inches edge, with front and top face vfsible. 
In the centre of the top face stands a cylinder 4 
inches high and 3 inches base. 

7. Draw any natural leaf. Conventionalize it,, 
and use the conventionalized form as a unit in aa 
original design for a border. (Two repetitions will 
be accepted.) 

8. Develop the surface, or draw the pattern of the 
surface, of an equilateral triangular prism 2 inches 
high and base 1 inch edge. 

9. Define the terms (a) centre of vision; (b) bi-sym-^ 
metrical. Illustrate the last with a drawing, 

10. A pitcher and a glass will be placed upon the^ 
table in front of the class. Each candidate will 
then make a sketch of the pitcher and glass as they 
appear to him, stating their relative position to him- 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Where do the lacteals have their origin? "What 
is their use? 

2. When a person has become emaciated by sick- 
ness or starvation, how has the fat been conveyed 
away? 

3. What is osmose? Give an illustration of 
osmose as it occurs in the human body. 

4. What effect has the contraction of the muscu-^ 
lar fibres of the diaphragm on the size of the cavity^ 
of the chest? 



yaw YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2^, 1890. cccxi 

5. What membrane lines the oesophagus? The 
windpipe? The cavity of the abdomen? 

6. What is animal heat? Why is animal heat 
better maintained when we breathe pure air, than 
when we breathe foul air? 

7. What are the respective functions of the two 
sets of spinal nerves? 

8. For what malformation of the eye are concave 
glasses a remedy? What name is given to the im- 
perfect vision caused by this defect of the eye? 

9. Which way do the valves between the auricles 
and the ventricles of the heart allow the blood to 
flow? 

10. Name the three different organs, or parts of 
the body, which are composed largely of cartilage. 

ZOOLOGY. 

1. What is the distinguishing characteristic of 
the vertebrates? Of the articulates? 

2. Give one typical example of each of the follow- 
ing classes of vertebrates : mammals ; reptiles ; ba- 
trachians or amphibians ; fishes. Name, a class of 
vertebrates not mentioned in this question, 

3. IIow does the heart of a mammal differ from 
that of a reptile? From that of a fish? 

4. Describe, in the order of development, the 
three stages in the life of an insect. 

5. Describe, in the order of development, the two 
stages in the life of a frog, 

6. Describe the process of mastication as it takea 
place in a bird. 



cccxii EIGHTEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TIOX. 

7. Kame an animal which yields each of the fol- 
lowing articles of commerce, respectively : ivory, 
pearls, musk, isinglass, ambergris, mohair, silk, 
wax, dye-stuff, caviare. 

8. Give the names of two animals that hibernate. 
Name two animals that are oviparous but do not in- 
cubate. 

9. How do the following organs show adaptation 
to the wants of the animals : The talons of a hawk? 
The teeth of a tiger? The neck of a giraffe? The 
tongue of a cat? The incisors of a squirrel? 

10. How many kinds of honey bees are hatched 
in the same hive? Give the name and sex of each. 

GEOLOGY. 

1. What is conglomerate? grit? shale? 

2. "What relation does the deposit of sediment 
bear to stratification? 

3. Mention two varieties of rock of which the 
chief constituents are remains of former animal 
life. One, of former vegetable life. 

4. What was the original position of stratified 
rocks? Mention three geological forces that have 
been instrumental in changing this position. 

5. What are geysers? Give some generally ac- 
cepted theory to account for their action. 

6. Account for the different kinds of natural 
markings on rocks. 

7. What effect has the rotation of the earth on 
river erosion? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST '25, 1890. cccxiii 

8. The oulcome of a stratum is conglomerate, but 
upon uncovering the stratum, it is found to gradu- 
ate to coarse sandstone and then to a fine sandstone. 
Give reasons for this change of structure. 

9. Giv« the common name of quartz (a) in the 
shape of violet crystals; (b) translucent, with bands 
or clouds; (c) of a dark dull color, edges translucent; 
(d) in loose grains. 

10. What will be the resulting color from burning 
rock that is black because of the presence of (a) 
carbonaceous substances? (b) an oxide of iron? (c) 
an oxide of manganese? 

BOTANY. 

1. Of the name, TrifoUum Repens, which word is 
the name of the genus, and which the name of the 
species? Define the terms species and genus as used 
in Botany. 

2. What is an axillary bud? What does it become 
when developed? 

3. Designate the period of life, as annual, bien- 
nial or perennial, of the following plants: hop, bean, 
corn, beet, potato. 

4. What is the calix of a flower? What are its 
parts called? 

5. Explain these terms : a monoecious plant ; a 
staminate flower, a sterile flower. 

6. Explain the utility (to the plant) of the follow- 
ing parts : the fleshy part of the turnip ; the pappus 
of the dandelion ; the starch of the kernel of corn, 
the scales on the outside of buds. 



cccxiv EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. If you watch tlie germination of a seed, what 
part of the embryo plant will you see developed 
first? What part second? What part last? 

8. What is a tap root? Give examples of a fusi- 
form and of a ilapiform tap root. 

9. Name two important oflSices of leaves. 

10. What are the cells in plant structure? How 
do the cells of wood fibre differ from those of liber 
or inner bark?. 

ASTRONOMY. 

1. What mathematical figure do the planets de- 
scribe in going around the sun? At what point in 
that figure is the sun located? 

3. Describe the milky way, (a) as it appears to 
the unaided eye ; (b) as it appears with the telescope, 

3. What is the plane of the ecliptic? 

4. Make a diagram showing the relative positions 
of the earth's axis, the tropics, and the sun, at the 
time of the summer solstice. 

5. In how many days (omit fractions) does the 
moon move around the earth ? 

6. Name two planets whose orbits are smaller than 
that of the earth, and two whose orbits are larger 
than the earth's. 

7. What is the altitude of the pole star, as viewed 
from the Arctic circle? 

8. Explain why we have transits of Venus and 
not of Mars. 

9. Why, according to our calendar, is the year 
1900 not to be a leap year? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ^, \mi, cccxr 

10. Mention some facts made known to us by the 
spectroscope and in no other way. 



PHYSICS. 

1. By the operation of what force is it, that bodies, 
have weight? 

3, What condition of the atmosphere is indicated 
by high barometer? "Why? 

3. Suppose you tightly stopper a bottle of air at 
the top of a mountain, and carry it to the level of 
the sea, insert the mouth of the inverted bottle in 
water, and remove the stopper; what would happen?" 
Explain the cause of the phenomenon. 

4. Describe the shape of a vessel of which, if 
it is filled with water, the pressure on the bottom, 
will be greater than the weight of the water. 

5. What effect has the shortening of a pendulum 
on the running of a clock? Why? 

6. Why does the air of a room seem to become 
dryer as the temperature is raised? 

7. Why is it that light can traverse a vacuum 
while sound cannot? ^Explain in accordance with 
the generally accepted theories of sound and light). 

8. What is the difference between a loud, and a 
higJi tone? Illustrate by the manner of producing 
either with the teeth of a comb. 

9. How is the solar spectrum produced? What. 
part of it is refracted most? 

10. What is the specific gravity of a body that 
when suspended in water weighs half as much as in 
air? 



cccxvi EIGHTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TJON. 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. What is the chemical name of (a) iron pyrites; 
<b) galena; (c) cinnabar; (d) gypsum; (e) marble? 

2. Describe a simple method of preparing oxygen, 

3. Which elements constitute the chlorine group? 
State two prominent characteristics of the group. 

4 What do you understand by a chemical reac- 
'tion? (Answer by a description or an illustration.) 

5. What two chemical changes take place when 
apple juice is exposed to the air, for several weeks, in 
a warm place? 

6. Of what two essential elements is illuminating 
gas composed? How can their presence be shown? 

7. Give an illustration of (a) spontaneous com- 
bustion; (b) combustion without oxygen. 

8. Name three substances which may exist in al- 
lotropic states. 

9. Briefly describe the elements composing com- 
mon salt. 

10. Give the meaning of the terminations (a) ic; 
^b) ous; (c) ide; (d) ite; (e) ate, as used in chemical 
nomenclature. 

LATIN. 

SELECTIONS FROM C^SAR'S COMMENTARIES. 

1. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, 

.2. quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, 

3. covocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam 

4. copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et 
-5. Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat * * * 
'6. graviter cos accusat. * * * * 



NEir YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. cccxvli 

7. Ob earn rem se ex civitate prof ugisse ct Romam 

8. ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod 

9. solus Deque jurejurando neque obsidibus tenere- 

10. tur * * * * 

11. Adjuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem de- 

12. ferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, quumequitatu 

13. nihil possent, * * * * quo f acilius finitimorum, 

14. equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venisset, 

15. impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis 

16. crebris in latitudinem ramis enatis et rubis senti- 

17. busque interjectis effecerant, ut instar muri hae 

18. sepes munimentum praeberent. * * * * His 

19. rebus quum iter agminis nostri impediretur, 

20. non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existima- 

21. verunt. * * * * 

22. Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem 

23. Romanorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse 

24. Caesar a Venetis prematur, docet, neque longiua 

25. abesse, quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex 

26. castris exercitum educal et ad Caesarem auxilii 

27. ferendi causa proficiscatur, 

"1-3. Translate tlie above selections. 

4. Briefly relate the story of Caesar's campaign 
against the Helvetii, locating their territory on a 
modern map, 

5. Locate in the conjugation of the verb, and state 
the special use of (a) postulatum (line 8); (b) praedandi 
(line 14); (c) inflexis (line 15); (d) omittendum (line 
20); (e) ferendi (line 27). 

6. Give syntax of (a) principibus (line 8); (b) instar 
(line 17); (c) sibi (line 20); (d) consilium (line 20); (e> 
auxilii (line 26). 



-cccxviii EIGHTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

7. Give the principal parts of (a) redempta; (b) 
^udeat; (c) destrictis; (d) confisae; (e) proficiscatur. 

8. Name the prepositions which compounded 
"with verbs take the dative. 

9. Write in Latin : "The war of the Helvetians 
being finished, ambassadors of almost all Gaul came 
to Csesar, to congratulate him." 

10. Write in Latin : " There was a large plain, 
^nd in it a nound of earth suflaciently high.'' 

FRENCH. 

Translate: 

LB MARECHAL DE 8AXB. 

1-2. Le marechal de Saxe, voulant un jour don- 
uer a quelques amis une preuve de sa force, entra 
chez un f orgeron sous pretexte de f aire ferrer son 
^heval. On lui prcsenta un f er qu'il rompit aussitdt 
entre ses mains. Apres avoir repete cette manoeuvre 
cinq ou six fois, il feignit de trouver enfin un bon 
fer qui fut mis au pied du cheval. L'operation faite, 
il jeta un ecu sur renclume. " t*ardon, monsieur," 
lui dit le f orgeron, **de bon fer merite de bon ar- 
,gent. J'esp^re, qu'ayant de partir, vous me don- 
nerez une meilleure pi^ce que celle-ci." En pro- 
non9ant ces mots, il cassa I'ecu en deux. II en fit 
autant de quatre ou cinq autres qu'on lui donna. Le 
prince I'observait en silence. " Parbleu," dit-il en- 
fin en riant, ' ' je vols que je n'ai que de mauvais ecus. 
Mais voici un louis qui, je I'espere, sera bon." — Le 
marechal, en se retirant, dut convenir qui'il avait 
irouve son maltre. — BevacUer. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. oocxix 

Translate : 

Loi. 

. RELATIVE A L'oBLIGATION DB L'ENSEIGNEMENT 
PRIMAIRE. 

3-4. L'instniction primaire est obligatoire pour 
les enfants des deux sexes ages de six ans revolus & 
treize ans revolus; clle peut §tre donnee soit dans 
les etablissements d'instruction primaire ou secon- 
daire, soit dans les ecoles publiques ou libres, soit 
dans les families, par le pSre de famille lui-mgme ou 
par toute personne qu'il aura choisies, Un rSgle- 
ment determinera les moyens d'assurer rinstruction 
primaire aux enfants sourds-muets et aux aveugles. 
{Nouveau Cod6 de V Instruction Primaire — Ficfiard) 
Translate: 

LE RETOUR DANS LA PATRIB. 

< 5-6. Qu'il va lentement le navire, 
A qui j'ai confie mon sort! 
Au rivage ou mon coeur aspire, 
Qu'il est lent 3, trouver un port! 

France adoree! 

Douce contree! 
Mes yeux cent f ois ont cru te decouvrir, 

Qu'un vent rapide 

Soudain nous guide 
Aux bords sacres oil je reviens mourir. 
Mais enfin le matelot crie; 
Terre, terre, l^-bas, voyez! 
Ah! tous mes maux sont oublies. 

Salut amapatrie! {Beranger.) 
7. Explain the use of qui in tl^e second line of the 
last extract. What would be the proper form ? 



cccxx EIGHTEENTH 8 TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Give the rules for the past participle of verbs 
conjugated with 6tre and avoir. 

9. Conjugate the present tense of the indicative 
mode of vouloir; the future tense olfaire; the pres- 
ent subjunctive of feindre. 

10. Translate into French: 

(a) Do you know how much your son earns a day f 

(b) How do you like that book? 

(c) Have the goodne'ss to sit down. 

(d) It is my sister's turn to read this morning. 

(e) The clock has struck two. 

GERMAN. 
Translate: 

FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE UND SEIN EDELKNABE. 

1-2. Als einst Friedrich der Grosse am Fenster 
seines Studirzimmers stand, bemerkte er, dass ein 
Edelknabe hinter seinem Rllcken mehrere Male aua 
einer Tabaksdose schnupfte, die auf dem Schreib- 
tische stand. Der Konig that, als sahe er es nicht 
und liess seinen Diener ruhig gewahren. Nachdem 
er sich aber vom Fenster zuriickgezogen hatte, 
fragte er den Edelknaben: "kindest du die Dose 
nach deinem Geschmacke ? " Der junge Mann, der 
sein klcines Vergehen entdekt sah, errothete und 
wagte nicht zu antworten. Der Konig wiederholte 
seine Frage und der Edelknabe gestand endlich, dass 
er die Dose sehr schon fande. "Nun, so nimm 
sie," sagte Friedrich, "sie ist zu klein ftir un,3. 
beide." — Nach Krauss. 

Translate: 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890 cccxxi 
GESCHICHTE DES DREISSIGJA.HRIGEN KRIEGS. 

3-4. Erfochten war der Sieg, aber nur eine weise 
Benutzung konnte ihn entscheidend machen. Die 
kaiserliche Armee war aufgerieben, Sachsen sah 
keinen Feind raehr, und derflilchtige Tilly hatte sich 
nach Braunschweig gezogen. Ihn bis dahin zu ver- 
folgen, hatte den Krieg in Niedersachsen erneuert, 
welches von den Drangsalen des vorhergehenden 
Kriegs kaum erstanden war. Es wurde also be- 
schlossen, den Krieg in die feindlichen Lande zu 
waizen, welche, unverteidigt und offen bis nach 
"Wien, den Sieger einluden. — Schiller. 

Translate: 

GEISTES GRUSS. 

5-6. Hoch auf dem alten Thurme steht 
Des Helden edler Geist, 
Der, wie das Schiff voriibergeht, 
Es wohl zu f ahren heisst. 

" Sieh, dicse Senne war so stark, 
Dies Herz so fest und wild, 
Die Knochen voU von Rittermark, 
Der Becher angefiillt; 

Mein halbes Leben sttirmt ich fort, 
Berdehnt, die Half t, in Ruh, 
Und du, du Menschen-Schifflein dort, 
Fahr immer, immer zu ! " 

— Goethe. 

7. Add the proper terminations to the unfinished 
words in the following exercise: 



cccxxii EIGHTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION, 
BIN QESPRACH. 

Gestern war ich bei d— Herr — N. zu Tisch einge- 
laden. Ausser sein — Familie und mi — waren nur 
Herr und Frau P. nebst ihr — Tochter — anwesend. 
Bei Tische sass ich ih — gegentiber. Sie sprachen 
mir viel von ihr — Neffe — , urn d— sie sehr besorgt 
waren. Er war nach d — Yereinigt — Staat — gegang- 
en und seit sechs Monat — batten sie keine Nachricht 
mehr von ih — erhalten. 

8. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: 
gefallen, finden fechten, schliessen, filllen. 

9. Explain use of mode and tense in fande at the 
close of the first extract. 

10. Translate into German: 

(a) What day of the month is it? 

(b) My knife i» broken; will you kindly lend me 
yours? 

(c) One can find nothing finer than this steel. 

(d) To whom does these paintings belong? 

(e) Why do you go out without your hat? 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. In primary classes which is the more impor- 
tant to learn, the science or the art of arithmetic? 
Why? 

2. Distinguish between the terms development and 
drill as employed in teaching. 

3. Multiply 764 by 22, and state how you would 
explain to pupils the value of the partial products. 

4. What is the purpose of spelling by sound as 
contrasted with spelling by letter? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890. cccxxiii 



5. In what part of a room should be the opening 
for the removal of impure air? Why? 

6. What are the two chief results to be sought in 
map drawing? Name them in order of importance. 
Give reasons. 

7. Mention two ways of teaching pupils how to 

study. 

8. State two characteristics of a good test ques- 
tion. 

9. From which direction with reference to the 
pupil (a) should light be admitted; (b) should light 
not be admitted? Why? 

10. Name two subjects of common school study 
which are important in cultivating (a) the perceptive 
faculties; (b) the reason. Why? 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. What is the basis of representation in a Board 
of Supervisors? 

2. What is meant by the enacting clause in a bill 
before our State Legislature? 

3. Mention two respects in which the government 
of the United States and that of Great Britain agree. 

4. The constitution forbids the passage of any 
" bill of attainder " or " ex post facto " law. Ex- 
plain the above terms, and state why they are pro- 
hibited. 

5. In what respects did the election of Thomas 
Jefferson and John Quincy Adams differ from the 
election of the other presidents? Why? 



cccxxiv NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. Name the qualifications required for voting at 
school meetings. 

7. Upon what general principle is a supervisor in- 
eligible to the office of school trustee? 

8. Mention five different powers of an annual 
school meeting. 

9. Mention three causes for which a trustee may 
legally discharge a teacher. 

10. Name five powers of a school commissioner. 



Nineteentli Eiamination for State Certificates. 

Held August 2j^-28, 1891. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. The product of any number multiplied by 6 is 
how many tim«s the product of the same number 
multiplied by IH Why ? 

2. Find the prime factors of 7,056, and from these 
prime factors determine the square root of that 
number, 

3. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field 
yields 21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $16.75 per 
acre for cultivation. If the cost of cultivation be 
increased 20^, and the yield be thereby increased 
30^, what is the net gain per acre ? 

4. Annexing the figure 7 to the written number 
354 is equivalent to what processes or operations 
performed, with the number 354 as a base ? 



NEW YORK, ETC. , AUGUST Zi, 1891. cccxxv 

5. My agent in Chicago sells carriages for me, 
and, after deducting a commission of 20$^ and back 
charges amounting to $117.92, remits $2,004.88 in 
full settlement. Required the amount of his com- 
mission. 

6. The proceeds of a 3-months' note discounted at 
bank at 6^ per annum, the day it was made, were 
$400. Find the face of the note. 

7. Express the value of each of the following by 
sign, by decimal, and by common fraction in its 
lowest terms : {a) sixty-two and one-half per cent ; 
(5) six and two-thirds per cent ; (c) three-fourths per 
cent ; ((f) thirty-eight and one-eighth per cent. 

8. One pound avoirdupois equals 1 lb. 2 oz. 11 
pwt. 16 gr. Troy. Find the weight, Troy, equiva- 
lent to 7 lb. 11 oz. avoirdupois. 

* C. and D. can do a certain piece of work in 8 
days, D. and E. can do the same work in 4 days, and 
C. and E. in five days. In how many days should the 
three working together do the same work ? 

10. A man sold $14,100 U. P. 7's at 118, and in- 
vested the proceeds in N. Y. C & H. R. 5's at 94. 
How was his annual income affected, and how 
much? 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Prove that rt-" = _, giving all the required 



steps of the proof. 
a 



a — X 
2. Simplify 



-1 



1- ^ 



a-\-x 



cccxxvi NINETEENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TI ON. 

3. A number consists of two places of figures, 
units and tens ; the number is eqiuil to three times 
the sum of its digits, and if 45 be added to the num- 
ber, the order of the digits will be inverted. What 
is the number ? 

4. If X — 22/ be raised to the nth power, (a) how 
many terms will there be in the power ? (b) what 
will be the exponent of ^^ in the third term ? (c) 
what will be the sign of the third term ? (d) what 
will be the coefficient of the second term ? 

5. What is the square root of w^—2x*-\-5x^-\- 
ix-^-il 

6. Multiply a \f~^ by x |/^^ 

7. Find three numbers, such that the difference 
of the first and second shall exceed the difference of 
second and third by 4 ; the sum of the numbers shall 
be 20, and the sum of their squares shall be 184. 

8. Given 7.'c2 — 15^=18, to find values of x. 

9. Given | ^g ; ^:: ^J .^^ [ , to find x and y. 

10. Find the prime factors of ax^-\-^ax^—^\ax. 



GEOMETRY. 

1. Define {a) scalene triangle ; (5) polygon ; (c) 
axiom ; {d) theorem ; {e) corollary. 

2. Demonstrate : Any two sides of a triangle are 
together greater than the third side, and their differ- 
ence is less than the third side. 

3. Demonstrate : Two triangles are equal when 
they have three sides of the one respectively equal 
to three sides of the other. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ZA, 1891. cccxxvil 

4. Demonstrate : In the same or in equal circles, 
two angles at the center are in the same ratio as 
their intercepted ares. 

5. Through a point without a given circle, con- 
struct a tangent to the circle. Explain the con- 
struction. 

6. Demonstrate : A line drawn from the middle 
point of one side of a triangle to the other side, 
parallel to the base, bisects that side and is equal to 
half the base. 

7. Demonstrate : The area of a trapezoid is equal 
to the product of a line connecting the middle 
points of the non-parallel sides and the altitude of 
the trapezoid. 

8. The side of a regular inscribed triangle is 48 
V 3. Required the side of the inscribed square. 

9. The adjacent sides of a rhomboidal parallelo- 
gram are 13 ft. and 14 ft.; the area is 120 sq. ft. 
Find the long diagonal. 

10. Two secants cut each other without a circle; 
the intercepted arcs are 12° and 48°; what is the 
angle between the secants ? 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Define (a) invoice ; (5) consignment ; (c) journal- 
izing. 

2. In what ledger accounts are gains or losses 
found ? To what account are they transferred in 
closing the ledger ? 

3. Give the steps in closing a double-entry 
ledger. 



cccxxviil NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

4. What is the utility or design of a suspense ac- 
count ? 

5. With what items should stock be debited ? 
With what items credited ? 

Memoranda. — J. B. Russel & Co. bought of 
Amos Hall, Sept. 13, 1890, a bill of dry goods 
amounting to $1,750.75. They paid cash $920, 
and gave their note for the balance due in 90 days. 
The note was paid at maturity. 

6. Journalize the above transactions — books of 
Russel & Co. 

7. Post the items as journalized. 
Memoranda. — R. C. Mills bought of Howell 

Bros., June 1, 1891, a bill of coal amounting to 
$800, on 60 days* time, 5^ discount for cash. 
Mr. Mills paid $500 on receipt of bill, and the 
balance was charged to his account, the proper 
discount being allowed. 

8. Journalize the above transaction — books of 
Howell Bros. 

Memoranda. — A., B. & C. enter into co-partner- 
ship, August 27, 1890, A. investing $8,200, B. 
$7,500. and C. $6,000. At the end of the year 
the books of the firm show the following : Per- 
Bonal accounts, E. F., Dr. $1,962.38, Cr. $2,017.85 ; 
G. H., Dr. $856.50; I. J., Dr. $3,102.10, Cr. 
$228.64; M. K, Cr. $1,590. Notestaken, $2,700 ; 
notes that have been paid to the firm, $1,650. 
Cash received, $13,024.80 ; cash paid, $11,480.33. 
Merchandise unsold per inventory, $18,916.45. 
Notes issued, $22,500 ; notes taken up and re- 



NEW YORK, ETC.^ AUGUST U, 1891. cccxxix 

deemed, $17,350. Unexpired lease and fixtures 
per inventory, $2,312.18. Drawn out by A., $2,- 
400 ; by B., $1,800 : by C, $1,200. 
9-10. Make a statement that shall exhibit all of 
the above facts, the amount of gain or loss, and 
the net capital of each member of the firm. 



GRAMMAR. 

1 In many particulars the typical college of to-day is mani- 

2 f estly superior to that of fifty years ago ; but, in the socie- 

3 ties of its students for the cultivation of literature and 

4 skill in debate, its inferiority is too marked notto awaken 

5 solicitude as well as regret, in the minds of all friends of 

6 liberal learning. Societies professedly literary, it is true, 

7 abound in the college of to-day ; but they are societies 

8 in which social elements so predominate over every other 

9 that their influence on college life is to enhance its ex- 

10 pensiveness, and to split its classes into rival cliques, 

11 rather than to quicken their intellects and to rouse them 

12 to high endeavor. Nothing yet devised has filled, or can 

13 fill, as a means of education, the place of the great debat- 

14 ing societies, composed of representatives from every 

15 class in college, at once imposing and inspiring from their 

16 numbers, which were so marked a feature of the col- 

17 lege of forty or fifty years ago. 

President E. G. Robinson, Brown University. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

1. Select three subordinate clauses and state what 
each modifies. 

2. Give the modifiers of (a) predominate (line 8); 
(5) societies (line 14). 

3. Select (a) an infinitive modifying an adverb ; 
(5) an infinitive used as an attribute (predicate noun); 
(c) a participle in the active voice, used adjectively ; 
(cZ) a participle in the passive voice, used adjectively. 



cccxxx NINETEEN THSTA TE EXAMINA TION. 

4. Give syntax of {a) regret (line 5) ; (5) means 
(line 13) ; {c) feature (line 16). 

5. Classify as parts of speech {a) to-day (line 7); 
■<5) rather (line 11); (c) than (line 11); {d) yet (line 12); 
{e) ago (line 17). 

6. Select three verbs each representing a different 
mode. Classify the verbs selected as transitive or 
intransitive, and give the mode and tense of each. 

7. Select three conjunctions, and state what each 
connects. 

8. Write (a) a sentence containing a noun in ap- 
position with a clause ; {h) a clause in apposition with 
a noun. 

9. State three different ways of indicating the 
gender of nouns. Give an example of each, 

10. Name three connectives whose office is to 
connect subordinate clauses to principal clauses. 
Illustrate the use of each. 



COMPOSITION AND KHETORIC. 

1. "What is understood by a correct literary taste ? 
How may it best be cultivated ? 

2. Distinguish between wit and humor. 

3. Mention four elements of strength in prose 
comi^osition. 

Selection : — 

1 Thus it was they journeyed homeward ; 

2 Thus it was that Hiawatha 

3 To the lodge of old Nokomis 

4 Brought the moonlight, starlight, firelight, 

5 Brought the sunshine of his people, 

6 Minnehaha, Laughing Water, 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2 4, 1891. ccoxxri 

7 Handsomest of all the women 

8 In the land of the Dacotahs, 

9 In the land of handsome women. 

— Longfellow. 

4. Scan the selection, marking it off into feet, and 
state what kind of verse it is. 

5. Justify the use of the capital letters in line 6. 

6. Justify the use of the commas in lines 4, 5, 6, 
and 8. 

7. Write original sentences containing {a) a synec- 
doche ; (b) a climax ; or give quotations from stand- 
ard authors containing those figures. 

8. Paraphrase the expression, "Every man has 
just as much vanity as he wants understanding." 

9. Give two rules for the use of the semicolon, 
and illustrate each by the punctuation of an original 
sentence. 

10. Give five abbreviations or conventions used 
in correcting proof, and illustrate or explain the use 
each. 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1 . Name three prominent characters in the ' * Mer- 
chant of Venice," and mention some distinguishing 
characteristic of each. 

2. Sketch briefly the character of Shylock. 

3. Name the three friends so intimately associated 
with !Mr. Pickwick. 

4. Mention two traits of the personal character of 
Dickens. 

5. From what does the " Scarlet Letter " take its 
title ? How does it show the habits of thought of 
the people at that time ? 



cccxxxii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. Mention some characteristics of Hawthorne's 
style. 

7. In "The Pioneers," state "where the scene of 
the story is laid, and mention three of its prominent 
characters. 

8. Mention three characteristics of Cooper's works. 

9. State who Evangeline was, give the subject of 
the poem, and state where the scene was laid. 

10. Who was Jessica ? Lorenzo ? Launcelot ? 
Mr. Wordle ? Arthur Dimmesdale ? Roger Chil- 
lingworth ? Judge Temple ? Basil ? Gabriel ? Feli- 
cian ? 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What determines the width of the zones ? 

2. How does its elevation affect the temperature 
of a place ? Why ? 

3. State the directions of the trade winds. Ac- 
count for these directions. 

4. Large bodies of water keep off frost. Explain 
this. 

5. In connection with what phases of the moon 
do spring tides occur ? Explain it. 

6. Compare the climate of southern France and 
lower California. State causes. 

7. Locate {a) Detroit ; ip) Cincinnati ; {c) Atlanta; 
(d) Kew Orleans ; {e) Memphis ; (/) Denver ; {g) 
Bismarck ; (7i) Seattle ; (^) Santa Fe ; {j) St. Paul. 

8. Describe the surface and drainage of Europe, 

9. {a) What five States occupy the Balkan penin- 
sula ? (5) What waters surround this peninsula ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST24, 1891. cccxxxitt 

10. Name and locate the chief commercial city of 
(a) Scotland ; (b) Belgium ; (c) Germany ; (d) Austro- 
Hungary ; (e) Spain 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What was the general result of the French and 
Indian war ? "What led to that war ? 

2. What historic event of the Revolution is sug- 
gested by each of the following names respectively: 
Herkimer? Sullivan? Allen? Arnold? Wayne? 

3. Give some account of the principal event of 
Madison's administration ? 

4. Mention some facts of interest about Silas 
Wright, AVilliam H. Seward, Horatio Seymour, 
Roscoe Conkling, and Samuel J. Tilden. 

5. What was the " Dred Scott decision " ? What 
Chief Justice of the United States rendered that 
decision ? 

6. Name five large acquisitions of territory by the 
United States during the present century, and state 
how each was acquired. 

7. What led to the adoption of the fifteenth 
amendment of the Federal Constitution ? 

8. Who was John Ericsson ? What first brought 
him into public notice in this country ? 

9. Mention five prominent inventions of this cen- 
tury, and name the inventors (Americans). 

10. For what was each of the following respec- 
tively noted : Irving ? Cooper ? Bryant ? Lossing ? 
Roebling ? 



cccxxxi V NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 
GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. What caused the decline and fall of the Roman 
Empire ? 

2. What were the " Crusades ? " 

3. What did the battle of Waterloo determine ? 
Give reasons for your answer. 

3. What caused the ' ' War of the Spanish Succes- 
sion " ? To what did it lead in America ? 

5. For what was each of the following respective- 
ly noted : Galileo ? Copernicus ? Raphael ? Cre- 
vantes ? Edmund Spencer ? 

6. In what did the feudal system originate ? To 
what period of history does it especially belong ? 

7. What were the characteristics of that system ? 

8. By whom and when was it introduced into 
England ? 

9. Give meaning of the terms, "allodium," "fief," 
"vassal." 

10. How did this system reach into our own 
State ? 



DRAWING, 

1. Give the use of the following conventions in 
working drawings : {a) dot and dash line ; (6) dotted 
line ; (c) dash line, 

2. Draw top view and front view of a vertical 
square prism, standing at an angle of 45° i. e., with 
two front faces equally visible. 

8. On the top face of a cylindrical block one inch 
high and three inches in diameter, stands a cone 



NEW YORK, ETC., A UOUST 24, 1891. cccxxrv" 



four inches high with base two inches in diameter. 
Draw top view and front view of the combination. 
4 Represent the combination described in No. 3, 
as standing in front and below the eye. 

5. Where do horizontal edges extending directljr 
from the eye appear to meet ? 

6. Represent the following group in front and. 
below the eye : A block one inch high and three 
inches square, turned at an angle of 45° ; a tumbler 
standing near the block, and hiding a part of the 
left face. 

7. In what three ways may a unit of design be: 
used to make a decorative arrangement ? 

8. IIow is a natural form conventionalized ? 

9. Make an original design of an outside door, 
with transom window above it. 

10. Place a book on the desk at an angle of 45° to 
your right, with its front parallel to the front of the 
desk. Give the dimensions of the book, and make 
a sketch on a scale of 1 to 3. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Which of the three main cavities of the body 
is lined by the arachnoid ? Which by the peri- 
toneum ? "Which by the pleura ? 

2. Which end of the ribs is the lower, the dorsal or 
the ventral ? How does this position of the ribs 
become serviceable in the act of breathing ? 

3. Do the muscles which are attached to the 
skeleton generally have their attachments to one 
bone or more than one ? Why ? Are these muscles 
voluntary or involuntary ? striped or unstriped ? 



cccxxxvi NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION 

4. Give an example of a movement which would 
be ascribed to reflex action of the spinal cord. 
Trace the course of the nervous impulse from the 
stimulus where the action originates to the muscle 
where motion is produced. 

5. Describe the special tract in the circulation of 
the blood, called the portal circulation. 

6. By what two means is the rhythmic flow of the 
blood in the arteries changed to the regular and 
even flow in the veins ? 

7. Of the gastric and pancreatic juices, which is 
acid and which is alkaline ? Which of these is a 
solvent of starch by changing it to sugar ? 

8. What are peptones ? Which of the digestive 
fluids is the principal producer of peptones ? 

9. During which part of the process of respira- 
tion are the muscles of the thorax and diaphragm 
most active ? Describe the action of these muscles. 

10. What two organs of the body, by dilferent 
methods, throw off the gases and vapors which 
render ventilation necessary ? 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. Describe the mode of respiration {a) of the lob- 
ster, {b) of the fly, (c) of the angleworm. 

2. The bear is a plantigrade, carnivorous mammal, 
and, in high latitudes, hibernates. Explain the 
italicized words. 

3. Which is the more dainty in respect to its food, 
the perfect insect or the larva from which it comes ? 
Illustrate your answer by a particular example. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST !M, 1891. cccxxxvil 

4. Tell something of the appearance and habits of 
the potato beetle in two of its metamorphic stages. 

5. Distinguish between bilateral and radial sym- 
metry, as seen in the anglewprm and the starfish. 

6. State one peculiarity of the structure of the 
bones of birds which illustrates adaptation of organ 
of function. 

7. Which of the fins of a fish are homologous to 
the limbs of higher vertebrates ? 

8. Name tliree orders of mammals, of each of 
which one important characteristic is found in the 
form of the teeth, stating the peculiarity of tlie teeth 
of each order named, 

9. Name five rodents found in this State. 

10. How does the sternum of most birds compare, 
«s to relative size, with the same bone in mam- 
mals ? How does this indicate adaptation of struc- 
ture to mode of life ? 



GEOLOGY. 

1 . {(i) How does rock, as a geological term, differ 
from the common use of the word ? {h) What is 
metamorphic rock ? (c) What is igneous rock ? 

2. Name two plants and one animal that secrete 
silica. 

3. Name, in order of formation, the age to which 
€ach of the following belongs : (a) coal measures ; 
{h) the Niagara shales ; (c) old red sandstone. 

4. What are moraines ? How are the evidences of 
moraines, found in this State, interpreted ? 

5. Name the four geological ages to which the 
outcrop of the State of New York belongs. 



cccxxxvlii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXA MINA TION. 

6. What is drift ? Note some geological changes, 
at present taking place, which illustrate the process 
of its formation. 

7. From what rocks is clay derived ? "What me- 
tallic base of these rocks unites the oxygen to form, 
it? 

8. In what does graphite differ from coal ? What 
is asphalt ? 

9. Locate a great bituminous coal area of the 
United States and a great anthracite coal area of the 
same country. Account for the difference in the 
characteristics of the two kinds of coal. 

10. To what class of animals did the trilobite be- 
long ? To what ages ? 



BOTANY. 

1. Which part of the name, Rosa Alba, indicates 
the genus, and which the species, to which the plant 
belongs ? Define the terms * ' species " and ' ' genus " 
as used in botany. 

2. Describe the three parts of a simple pistil. 

3. What part of the flower develops into fruit ? 
Define the word " fruit " in its botanical sense. 

4. State two conditions essential to the germina- 
tion of seeds. 

5. By which process of propagation, from seed or 
from stem, can new plants be obtained which will 
bear fruit like that of the parent plant : {a) from the 
carrot ? {p) from the strawberry plant ? (c) from the 
apple tree ? (f?) from the turnip plant ? {e) from the 
potato plant V 



NEW YORK, ETC., A UGUST 24, 1891. cccxxxix 

6. What is the principal office of roots ? Explaia 
the advantage of rotation of crops in agriculture. 

7. A walnut tree is an exogenous^ 'perennial plant, 
bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Ex- 
plain the meaning of the italicized words. 

8. Of what use to the plant is the starch found ia 
the kernel of corn ? 

9. Describe the cotyledons of the bean plant. 

10. "What two organs of plants take food supplies ? 
Name the minute parts from each of these organs 
through which the food enters the plant. 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. What other heavenly bodies are most like the 
sun ? 

2. Name three planets besides Earth which have 
one or more moons. 

3. When the sun is on the meridian, on the day 
of the autumnal equinox, whatisitsaltituduc in Lat. 
42° north ? What is its right ascension on the same 
day ? 

4. Why is the sun's apparent daily motion slightly 
irregular, causing it to be " fast and slow of clock," 
as the almanacs express it ? 

5. What are the asteroids ? Between the orbits 
of what two planets are their orbits ? 

6. Why do the circumpolar stars seem to revolve 
around the north star ? 

7. Make a diagram representing the sun and the 
five planets nearest the sun, in their order of dis- 
tance ; i)ut Mercury in inferior conjunction, Venus 
in superior conjunction, and Mars in opposition. 



cccxl NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Could an occultation of Venus by the moon 
occur during a lunar eclipse ? Why ? 

9. How great would the inclination of the earth's 
axis to the plane of its orbit need be, in order to 
"bring the sun to the zenith, in Lat. 43°, on the sum- 
mer solstice ? 

10. Disregarding fractions, state the number of 
times, annually, the moon (a) rotates on her axis, ijj) 
revolves around the earth, {c) revolves around the 
sun. 



PHYSICS. 

1. Explain why a rapidly moving bicycle tends 
to remain in an upright position. 

2. {a) What causes water to rise in a common lift- 
ing pump ? (6) What causes the air to rise in an air 
pump ? 

3. A piece of hard rubber, rubbed briskly on a 
dry woolen cloth, will attract bits of paper. State 
what next takes place, and give the cause. 

4. The smaller piston of a hydrostatic press is 
worked by a lever whose power arm is fifteen inches, 
and whose weight arm is one inch. The area of a 
cross section of the smaller piston is one inch, and 
of the larger piston twelve inches. What weight 
on the larger piston will be balanced by a power of 
ten pounds on the extreme end of the lever ? 

5. Which is heavier, water at 35° or at 39°, F.? 
State the law of expansion and contraction of water 
as illustrated by this case. 

6. Name two properties of air as shown by the 
diving-bell. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1891. cccxH 



7. "Why is not the leuuing tower of Pisa over- 
turned by the force of gravity ? 

8. What causes the rotary motion in a Barker's 
Mill? 

9. If a piece of writing paper be wrapped around 
an iron bar and placed in the tlame of a lamp, the 
paper will not readily burn ; but if the iron be 
withdrawn, the paper will burn immediately. Ex- 
plain. 

10. Why do parallel lines retreating from the eye 
appear to converge ? 



CHEMISTRY. 

1. Describe a method of preparing chlorine. 

2. What elements compose («) marsh gas ; (6) 
starch ; (c) common arsenic ; {d) muriatic acid ; (tf) 
alcohol ? 

3. Classify the following as acids, bases, or salts : 
{a) lime ; (5) vinegar ; {c) cream of tartar ; {cV) bak- 
ing soda ; {e) ammonia. 

4. Define an element. Give the number of ele- 
ments. 

5. Name one distinctive or characteristic property 
of each of the following : (a) Pb ; {b) Na ; (c) Hg ; (d) 
Sb ; {€) N. 

6. Give a test for the presence of («) arsenic ; (&) 
sulphureted hydrogen ; (c) carbon dioxide. 

7. What is the composition of {a) limestone ; (6) 
quick lime ; (c) lime water ? 

8. Give the chemical name of {a) sal soda ; Qj) salt- 
petre ; {c) common salt ; {d) blue vitriol ; {e) brim- 
stone. 



cccxlii NINETEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 

U. Of wliat substances is gunpowder made ? 
10. What gas is liberated in making soda biscuits ? 
What purpose does this gas serve when so liberated ? 



LATIN. 

(1) Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Galliae legati, 

(2) principes civitatum, ad Cassarem gratulatum conven- 
ts) erunt. 

(4) Quibus rebus Csesarem vehementer commotus matur- 
es) andum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborura 

(6) cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjunxisset, minus 

(7) facile resist! posset. 

(8) Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tarn paratus 

(9) ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad insignia accom- 
(10) modanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegi- 
{\V) menta detrudenda tempus defuerit. 

(12) Illi, etsi propter multitudinem et veterem belli gloriam 

(13) paucitatemque nostrorum se tuto dimicaturcs existima- 

(14) bant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur. obsessis vlis, com- 

(15) raeatu intercluso, sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri. 

1-3. Translate the above selections. 

4. Select («) a gerundive ; (5) a supine ; (c) a gerund. 

5. Give syntax (case and VN^hy) of {a) Cmsarem (line 
2): (6) siU (line 5); ic) se (line 13); {d) insignia {Mne 9); 
(e) victoria (line 15). 

6. Select an example of a periphrastic conjuga- 
tion expressing {a) only futurity ; {b) duty or neces- 
sity. 

7. Name three ways of expressing purpose. Il- 
lustrate by examples. 

8. Give principal parts of {a) oriuntur ; (b) de- 
iracto ; (c) gerereniur ; (d) cognomssent ; {e) contule- 
Tunt. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21 1801. cccxliii 



9. Write {a) a Latin sentence containing a noun in 
the accusative used as the subject of an infinitive ; 
(b) a Latin sentence containing a subordinate clause 
introduced by ne. 

10. Decline (a) ju^urandum ; {b) filia ; (c) vis. 



FRENCH. 
Traslate : 

VAN DYCK. 

1-2. Van Dyck etait eleve de Rubens. Un jour que 
ce dernier etait sorti pour prendre I'air, Van Dyck 
€t ses camarades s'approchent de deux tableaux 
que Rubens venait d'ebaucher. En se poussant 
mutuellement pour voir de plus pres, Tun d'eux 
tombe sur les ebauches et les efface. Comment faire 
pour eviter les reproches du maitre a son retour ? 
*' II faut," dit I'un d'eux, " que le plus habile d'en- 
tre nous t^clie de reparcr ce malheur ; je donne ma 
voix a Van Dyck." Ses camarades applaudissent. 
Van Dyck se met a I'oeuvre. II imite le mieux qu'il 
pent la maniere de Rubens, qui revient au bout de 
trois heures. Rubens porte les yeux sur ce qu'il 
€roit ses ebauches et dit a ses eleves inquiets. " Ce 
n'est past la ce que j'ai fait de plus mauvais en ma 
Yie." Fisher. 

Translate : 

la nation franqaise. 

3-4. C'est une plaisante nation que le notre ; sa 
vanite n'est pas faite comme celle des autres peuples; 
ceux-ci sont vains tout naturellement, ils n'y cher- 
chent point de subtilite, ils estiment tout ce qui se 



cccxliv NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

fait chez eux cent fois plus que ce qui se fait ailleurs 
. . . .voila ce qu'on appelle una vanite franche. Mais 
nous autres Frangais, il faut que nous touchions d, 
tout et nous avons change tout cela. Nous y cnten- 
dons bien plus de finesse, et nous sommes autrement 
delies sur Tamour propre. Estimer ce qui se fait 
chez nous ! Eh ! ou en serait-on s'il fallait louer ses. 
compatriotes ? On ne saurait croire le plaisir qu'un. 
Frangais sent a denigrer nos meilleurs ouvrages, et 
d, leur preferer les fariboles venues deloin. Ces gens- 
!§, pensent plus que nous, dit-il ; et dans le fond, il 

ne le croit pas C'est qu'il faut que I'amour-pro- 

pre de tout le monde vive. II parle des habiles gens^ 
de son pays, et, tout habiles qu'ils sont, il les juge;^ 
cela lui fait passer un petit moment assez liatteur, 
II les humilie, autre irreverence qui lui tourne ert 
profoudeur de jugement : qu'ils viennent, qu'ila 
paraissent, ils ne Tetonneront point, ils ne deferrer- 
ont pas Monsieur; ce sera puissance contre puis- 
sance. Enfin, quand il met les etrangers au-dessus 
de son pays, il n'a plus du paysan au moins : c'est 
Thomme detoute nation, de tout caractere d'esprit ; 
et somme totale, il en salt plus que les etrangers eux- 
m^mes. Marivaux. 

Translate : 

l'homme et la riviere. 
5-6. Au bord d'un fleuve, un paysan, 
Assis sur une large pierre, 
Regardait I'eau couler d'un air impatient. 
"L'ami, que fais-tu la?" — "Monsieur, pour 
une affaire 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 24, 1891. cccxlv 

Au village prochain jesuis contraint d'aller ;. 
Je ne vols point de pont pour passer la riviere, 
Et j 'attends que cette eau cesse enfin do 
couler," Florian. 

7. Select a verb from the above extracts which is 
always conjugated impersonally. Give a synopsis 
of this verb in the indicative mode. 

8. Give the feminines of (a) inquiet, (U) faux, (c) 
fou, (d) malin, (e) ahsous. 

9. Write sentences introducing five adjectives 
which have a different meaning according as they 
precede or follow the noun. Show the difference in. 
meaning by translating the sentences into English. 

10. Translate into French : 

{a) I find no amusement anywhere. 

(p) I like to be in the country. 

(c) Make haste to finish your lessons. 

{d) It is so warm that we keep all the windows 

open. 
{e) Fortune, be it good or bad, has no power over the: 

soul of the wise. 



GERMAN. 
der schulmonarch. 
Translate : 

1-2. Als Karl der Zweite den Doktor Busby be- 
suchte, soil der Doktor. seinen Hut auf dem Haupte, 
durch seine Schule gegangen sein, wahrend Se. 
Majestat hoflich den Hut in der Hand, hinter ihm 
her schritt. Als der Kouig aber an der Thiir Ab- 
schied nahm, redete ihn der Doktor mit grosser 



cccxM NINETEEN TH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

Demut so an: ,,Sire, ich hoffe ew. Majestat wer- 
deo meinen mangel an Respect entschuldigen ; denn 
wenn meine Buben wUssten dass es einen grosseren 
Mann in Reiche gebe, als micli, so wtlrde ich nie im 
vStaude sein, sie zu regieren. " 

Nach Stoeme. 

Translate : 

johann friedrich. 

3-4. Johann Friedrich war sehr ruhig dabei. Im 
Anfang seiner gefangenscliaft zeigte er sichbekiim- 
mert, weil man, ilim sagte, sein altester Sohn sei in 
der Schlacht umgekommen ; als aber ein Trompeter, 
der deslialb in die Stadt geschickt ward, mit der 
Naclirichi Zurlickkam, der Prinz lebe und werde 
bald von der Wunde, die ihm beigebraclit worden, 
genesen sein, auch ein Wahrzeichen desselben mit- 
brachte, erschein Johann Friedrich nicht anders als 
getrost und herzhaft. Ueber alle Furcht filr sich 
selber erhob ihn die Gewissheit einer andern leben- 
digen Gemeinschaft, der er von jeher angehort, und 
sein vollkommen reines Gewissen. Man erzaiilt, das 
Todesurteil sei ihm publicirt worden, als er mit Her- 
zog Ernst von Braunschweig, der mit ihm gefangen 
worden, Schach spiel te, Er war langst darauf ge- 
fasst ; nicht einmal in seinem Spiel Hess er sich 
dadurch storen: , .Better," sagte er, nachdem er das 
Urtheil wie ein anderes Papier neben sich gelegt, 
.,,gebt Acht auf euer Spiel ; Ihr seid matt." 

L. Ranke. 
Translate : 

wo ? 

5-6. "Wo wird einst des Wandermliden 
Letzte Ruhestatte sein ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS. 1891. cccxlvil 

Unter Palmen in dem Sildeu 
Unter Linden an dem Rhein ? 

Werd' icli wo in einer Wilste 
Eingescharrt von fremder Hand ? 
Oder ruh' ich an der Kiiste 
Eines Meeres in dem Sand ? 

Immerliin ! Mich wird umgeben 

Gottesliimmel, dort wie hier, 

Und als Totenlampen schweben 

Naclits die Sterne iiber mir. 

Heine. 

7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs, 
contained in the above extracts : Wussteii, hekum- 
mert, zuTuckkam, genesen, Hess. 

8. Conjugate anreden in the present indicative, 
sick bekummern in the imperfect subjunctive. 

9. Write sentences in German, not found in the 
above extracts, illustrating two common uses of the 
subjunctive mode. 

10. Write in German, using at least fifty words 
exclusive of address and signature, an application 
for the position of teacher of the German language 
in the public schools of New York city. 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. What is the Socratic method of teaching ? 

2. Mention two advantages gained by teaching the 
four fundamental processes of arithmetic in the 
study of a single number. 

3. What is involved in good teaching, besides im- 
parting instruction ? 



cccxlviii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

4. Write a brief outline of a primary language 
Jesson, selecting some object in this room as the 
subject of the lesson. 

5. Explain the process of induction. 

6. Show how the educational maxim, "Proceed 
from the concrete to the abstract," may be put in 
practice in number work. 

7. State three objections to the practice of judging 
pupils' proficiency in arithmetic from written solu- 
tions of problems, brought to the class. 

8. A parent sends a respectful, written request 
that his son be excused from language and grammar, 
in order to give more attention to practical studies. 
Write a suitable reply from the teacher. 

9. Outline a brief plan for "busy work " in a 
rural school. 

10. If a pupil frequently absents himself from 
school, when not compelled to do so by absolute 
necessity, what is the teacher's duty with reference 
to maintaining his position in the class ? Give 
reasons for your answer. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. In the United States Congress, how is the in- 
fluence of the State preserved in matters relating to 
taxation ? 

2. Wliat is an embargo aCt, and why should Con- 
gress alone control such acts ? 

3. Why does the constitution provide for the 
election of President by electors rather than by 
popular vote ? Has the intention of the framers of 



NEW YOBK, ETC., AUGUST 2i, 1891. cccxlix 

the constitution been realized in this matter ? Give 
reason for your answer. 

4. Name three provisions of the laws of the United 
States for raising revenue, 

5. What is the President's message ? In your 
answer, state when, why and to whom it is addressed. 

6. What provision of the constitution secures to 
the freedman the right of citizenship ? 

7. Upon what principle of government does a 
State appropriate money for the support of the 
schools? Give at least two reasons. 

8. If a vacancy occur in the office of School Com 
missioner, how may the vacancy be filled, and for 
how long ? 

9. Upon what principle of our government cannot 
a Supervisor be a school district trustee ? 

10. What judicial power has a School Commis- 
sioner ? 



Twenlietli Eiamination for State Certificates, 

Held August 22-26, 1892, 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. The sum of two numbers is 147|, and their 
difference is 83^. What are the numbers ? 

2. Find the cost of 30 scantlings 16 feet long, 2 
in. by 4 in., and 10 3-inch planks, each 14 feet long 
and 10 inches wide, at $28 per M, board measure. 

3. Change the wording of the problem, "Given 
the product and the multiplicand to find the multi- 



cccl TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

plier," to express the corresponding problem in {a) 
division ; (p) ratio ; (c) percentage ; {d) price, quan- 
tity and cost. 

4. Find the face of a non-interest-bearing, two 
months' note which, discounted at bank on the day 
it was made, at 6^ per annum, will yield $831.18. 

5. The diagonal of a square is 19. 8 feet. Required 
the side of the square. 

6. Make and solve a problem illustrating the dif- 
ference between the common method of computing 
interest and the exact-interest method. 

7. If I invest $11,337.50 in N. Y. C. «&H. R.R. 
stock at 113^, brokerage \%, and receive during a 
year quarterly dividends of \%, what is the rate of 
income per annum upon my investment ? 

8. If 11 men can dig a trench 46 rods long in 18^ 
days, in how many days can 45 men dig 128 rods of 
a similar trench ? (Solve by analysis.) 

9. If it cost 30 cents a line for tho first insertion of 
an advertisement in a newspaper, 10 cents a line for 
each of the next 9 insertions, 6 cents a line for all 
subsequent insertions, and I pay a bill of $17.28, 
how many insertions of an eight-line advertisement 
should there have been ? 

10. If a man owns 38^^ of a business and sells 18^ 
of his share for $448.50, how much was the estimat- 
ed value of the business ? 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Add 7 {x-\-Z)-^y*'-{-(ib\ Zy^-^ab^^Q (aj-fS), 
5ad»-5y*-f3 (a;+3), and 7y*-(«-f3)-2a5«. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 'iZ, 1892. cccli 

Subtract (m — n) y^/^ — (/i + 3 ^^x^y* + y"^ 
from n y^^^i^- (w + n) .^/^, 

2. Multiply a;"^ 4"^ '"■^'* t)ya;'" + '* — y-«-». 

3. Simply a— [—]—(— a 4-1) +aj+l — 2a]. 

4. Divide aa^ — v* by x—y correct to four terms of" 
quotient. 

5. Resolve the following quantities into their 
prime factors: w^— 3m— 28 ; ^a^ -\-Sa-\-^ ; x^y^-\- 
ax^—a^y^ — a^. 

6. A pleasure party of m persons hired a boat. 
If there had been c persons more in the party, each 
person would have paid d dollars more. How much- 
did each person pay ? 

7. Find the values of x, y and z in the following 
equations : 2a;-|-3y— z=13, 3a;— y-|-2z=15, and— 5a; 

+2^— 3s=— 28. 
^2 

8. There is a number composed of two digits such 
that the sum of the squares of the digits is 14 more^ 
than the number. The sum of the digits is 8. 
What is the number ? 

9. Solve: ^+f + Vn^+^"^- 



10. Solve: i/^l _ V^= Vl-H^. 



GEOMETRY. 
1. Define (a) supplementary arcs ; (b) incommen- 
surable quantities ; (c) symmetrical figures with 
regard to an axis of symmetry ; {d) reduciio ad ab- 
surdum 



-ccclii TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. Demonstrate : The bisector of an angle of a 
triangle divides the opposite side into segments pro- 
portional to the other two sides. 

3. Demonstrate : Lines connecting the middle 
points of the sides of a triangle divide the triangle 
into four equal triangles. 

4. Demonstrate : If two angles of a triangle are 
equal the sides opposite the equal angles are equal, 
and the triangle is isosceles. 

5. Demonstrate : Two angles whose sides are per- 
pendicular each to each are either equal or supple- 
mentary. 

6. The exterior angles of a polygon, made by 
producing each of its sides in succession, are together 
-equal to how many right angles ? Demonstrate. 

7. Demonstrate : The tangents to a circle drawn 
from aa exterior point are equal, and make equal 
angles with the line joining the point to the centre. 

8. Given the line A B. Erect a perpendicu- 
lar to the line at the point B. Give construction* 

9. Demonstrate : The area of a regular polygon 
is equal to one-half the product of its apothegm by 
its perimeter. 

10. The radius of a circle whose diameter is thirty- 
six inches bisects a chord twenty-four inches in 
lengtih. Required the length of that part of the 
radius between the chord and the circumference. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Arrange under their respective headings of Dr. 
of Cr. the following : (a) our notes issued ; (5) capi- 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2rZ, 189i?. cccli?! 

tal invested ; (c) cash received ; {d) others' notes re- 
ceived ; (e) losses. 

2. What book is used to give the history of busi- 
ness transactions as they occur ? What one to 
classify the results of the business ? Rule form of 
each. 

3. {a) Distinguish between debit and debtor, {b) 
What is the use of the Bill Book*? 

4. What is the acceptance of a draft ? Write one 
in proper form. 

5. Write a receipt for money advanced on con- 
tract. 

6. What summarized results should be shown in 
the balance sheet at closing ? 

7. Give meaning or use of each of the following 
symbols or conventions: {a) ojc; (b) ^; (c) 1^; (d) 
i. o. b.; (e)frt.; (/) L. F.; (g) Com.; (h) pp.; (i) 
for'd ; (J) I. B. 

MeTnoranda.—RichsiTd Brewster & Go. received August 5, 
1892, from Harold & Lochner, invoice of sheetings amounting 
to $674.28. To-day, Mr. Brewster sent Harold & Lochner 
check for amount of said invoice less a discount of 2 per 
cent ; paid a gas bill of $30. 75, and for rent of store $200 ; 
sold L. K. Jones bill of goods amounting to $325.80, receiving 
In payment therefor Mr. Jones' note for $150, payable In 
thirty days, and the balance in cash. 

8-9. Journalize the several transactions. (Books 
of Richard Brewster.) 

10. Give five particulars of the note mentioned in 
the memoranda, to be enumerated when it is entered 
in the Bill Book. 



CCCliV TWENTIETH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. 

GRAMMAR ""^ 

THE BUOY-BELL. 

1. How like the leper, with his own sad cry 

2. Enforcing his own solitude, it tolls ; 

3. That lonely bell set in the rushing shoals, 

4. To warn us from the place of jeopardy I 

5. O friend of man I sore vexed by Ocean's power, 

6. The changing tides wash o'er thee day by day ; 

7. Thy trembling mouth is filled with bitter spray, 

8. Yet still thou ringest on from hour to hour ; 

9. High is thy mission, though thy lot is wild — 

10. To be in danger's realm a guardian sound ; 

11. In seaman's dreams a pleasant part to bear, 

12. And earn their blessing as the year goes round ; 

13. And strike the key-note of each grateful prayer 

14. Breathed in their distant homes by wife or child. 

— Charles Tennyson Turner. 
The first six questions refer to the above selection. 
Notes.— 1. A combination of subject and predicate is 
called a clause. Clauses are principal or subordinate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses ; (6) ob- 
ject clauses ; (c) adjective clauses; (cO adverbial clauses. 

3. In naming a clause, include only its unmodified sub- 
ject and unmodified predicate. 

4. A preposition with its object is called a phrase. 

5. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and ita 
unmodified object. 

6. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

7. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier 
of that verb. 

8. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — ^the articles 
t?ie and a forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participles 
being one of the forms of verbs. 

9. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

10. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following 
order : class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason 
for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement 
with its antecedent. 



A'UW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1852. ccclv 



11. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only 
the case and the reason for it. 

^ 12. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., tran 
sitive and intransitive ; a transitive verb may be used in the 
active or the passive voice. 

13, In parsing a verb, observe the following order : princi- 
pal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, 
voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement; give the 
special use of an infinitive or a participle after tense. 

1. Classify five clauses, according to notes 1 and 2. 

3. Sc4ect all the participles, exclusive of those 
which are used only as adjectives and immediately 
precede the nouns which they modify. State what 
each participle modifies. 

3. Select all the infinitives and state what each 
modifies. 

4. Give the syntax of {a) leper (line 1); {b) bell (line 
3); {c)frien(H}meb)', (d) day (the first one, line 6); 
{e)part (line 11). 

5. Parse is filled (line 7). 

6. To what part of speech does each of the fol- 
lowing words belong : (a) sore (line 5); {b) yet (line 
8): (c) still (line 8); {d) wild (line 9); {e)as (line 12.) 

7. Write a sentence containing an infinitive used 
{a) as an object of a transitive verb ; (^>) in apposi- 
tion with the pronoun 2^;/ (c) as a modifier of a noun. 

8. "Write a sentence containing as so used that it 
may be considered a relative pronoun. 

9. Write a sentence containing a verb having two 
objects denoting the same person, one of which shall 
be in the nature of an attribute. 

10. Illustrate the use of {a) a noun used indepen- 
dently with a participle ; {b) a participle modifying 
a noun and modified hj an adverb. 



ccclvi TWENTIETH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

I. Classify according to their predominating char- 
acteristics, as narrative, descriptive, persuasive, or 
expository, the following : {a) history ; (p) books of 
travel ; {c) the essay ; {d) the oration ; {e) scientific 
works. 

3-3. Note and explain the rhetorical figures in the 
following selection : 

1. This is the earth He walked on ; not alone 

2. That Asian country keeps the sacred stain ; 

3. 'Tis not alone the far Judean plain, 

4. Mountain and river 1 Leo, the sun that shone 

5. On him shines now on us ; when day is gone, 

6. The moon of Galilee comes forth again 

7. And lights our path as his ; an endless chain 

8. Of years and sorrows makes the round world one. 

9. The air we breathe, he breathed.— the very air 
10. That took the mold and music of his high 

II. And godlike speech. Since then shall mortal dare 

12. "With base thought, front the ever-sacred sky, 

13. Soil with foul deed the ground whereon he laid 

14. In holy death his pale immortal head ? 

—Bichard W. Gilder, 

4. Explain why the word lie in line 1 is begun 
"with a capital and not in lines 9 and 13. 

5. Paraphrase the last sentence of the selection, 
adapting both arrangement and diction to prose 
composition. 

6. Recast the following expressions, changing the 
metaphors into similes and the similes into meta- 
phors : 

(a) Strike while the iron is hot. 

(6) Man I thou pendulum between a smile and a tear, 
(c) The hoarse rough verse should like the torrent roar. 
(cD A breeze came wandering from the sky, light as the 
whispers of a dream. 



^^^y YOF^K.ETC, AUGUST 22, 1892. ccclvii 

7. Scan the following stanza, marking it off into 
feet, and tell what kind of verse it is : 
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and 

weary. 
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, 
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a 
tapping 

As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber 
door. 

"'Tissome visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber 
door; 

Only this and nothing more." 

8-9. Write a letter to the president of the board 
of education recommending some friend for a posi- 
tion as a teacher. 

10. Fill the blanks with such of the following 
words as most fitly express the meaning, viz. : hearty, 
mode, cordial, method, sincere, manner. 

The teacher had adopted a good of teaching drawing, 

but the pupils had previously acquired a bad of hold- 
ing the pencil, rendering it difficult to determine the in 

which the teacher should proceed to correct the fault. 

His liking of sport is , his greeting to guests is — 1, and 

his assurance of esteem is usually . 



GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. Name four characters in Hamlet, and mention 
some characteristics of each respectively. 

2. " There are more things in heaven and earth, 
Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy." 
Under what circumstances and by whom was this 
sentence spoken ? 

3. To what class of novels does Ivanhoe belong ? 
Give reasons for your answer. 



cccMii TWENTIETH ^TA TE EXAMINA TION'. 

4. Using not more than one hundred words, give 
a characterization of Sir Walter Scott. 

5. Name five characters in David Copperfield, 
and mention some striking characteristics of each. 

6. From what rank in society did Dickens usually 
choose his characters ? Give illustrations to sus» 
tain your answer. 

7. Account for the title of the work, Society and 
Solitude. 

8. In what department of English literature does 
Emerson rank highest ? Mention two characteris 
tics of his writings. 

Q. State something of interest as to the first three 
characters described in the Tent on the Beach, 
10. Give a brief synopsis of the Tent on the Beach. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What is Mercator's Projection ? 

2. What is the great circle of illumination ? 

3. What is meant by the flora of any region, and 
what forms the basis for its distribution ? 

4. Name the five principal mountain systems of 
the western continent, and state the direction in 
which each trends. 

5. Name the great river system of the region be- 
tween the Rocky and the Appalachian mountain 
systems, and men > 'on two of the larger tributaries 
of the principal river from the east and three from 
the west. 

6. What is meant by the fauna of any region of 
country, and upon what does its distribution de- 
pend? 



N'BW YOEK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1892. ccclix 

7. Discuss New York with reference to {a) its 
mountains ; {h) its rivers ; (c) its commercial rank. 

8. {a) What lake between Lake Huron and Lake 
Erie ? ih) What river flows into it ? (c) What river 
is its outlet ? 

9. Name eight large indentations of the coast of 
the United States in order, beginning at the north- 
east. 

10. Name ten bodies of water through which the 
steamship Indiana passed in carrying grain from 
Philadelphia to St. Petersburg for the relief of the 
starving Russians. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What two nations claimed what is now New 
York ? How were their claims finally adjusted ? 

3. What is the origin of the term "Anti-renters," 
as applied to the history of this State ? 

3. Name three battles of the Revolution fought 
in this State, and name the respective generals com- 
manding each army. 

4. State something of historic interest as to {a) 
Crown Point ; {h) Plattsburgh ; (c) Sackett's Harbor ; 
(d) Elmira ; {e) Cherry Valley. 

5. Name five former governors of New York, 
and mention something of historic interest as to 
each. 

6. Give a brief account of the war by means of 
which Great Britain acquired control of Canada. 

7. What is the Monroe Doctrine ? Mention two 
applications of that doctrine within the past few 
years. 



ccclx TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

8. Name one great measure closely associated with, 
each of the following names respectively : (a) Ham- 
ilton ; (b) Jefferson; (c) Clay; (d) Wilmot ; {e} 
Seward. 

9. State the principal difference between the re- 
construction policy of President Johnson and that 
of congress. 

10. Name five editors (living or dead) of great 
metropolitan newspapers, and name the paper with, 
which each was or is connected. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. Sketch briefly the causes which led Columbus 
to undertake his first voyage to the New World, and 
indicate the extent of his discoveries on that voyage. 

2. Give a brief account of the downfall of Napol- 
eon III., stating the principal causes. 

3. What was the approximate extent of the Sar- 
acenic Empire ? 

4. Mention something of historic interest as to (a) 
Garibaldi ; (b) Thiers ; (c) Disraeli ; (d) Bismarck ; 
(e) Victor Emmanuel. 

5. Give a brief account of the consolidation of the 
present German Empire. 

6. State approximately the time and length of 
Queen Elizabeth's reign. 

7. Mention some of her personal characteristics. 

8. Name five great authors of the Elizabethan. 
Age, and mention a work of each. 

9. Tell the story of the Spanish Armada. 

10. State something as to (a) Walter Raleigh ; (5) 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1892 ccclxi 

The Earl of Essex ; {e) Robert Dudley ; {d) Mary, 
Queen of Scots ; {e) Roger Ascham. 

DRAWING. 

1. Make a plan and draw the single rose in a pent- 
agon 

2. What shade lines best express (indicate) plane 
faces ? Illustrate. 

3. What are the three styles of ancient historic 
ornament ? 

4. Mention at least three important parts in a de- 
sign. Illustrate these by a drawing. 

5. Represent a cone on the centre of the top face 
of a square prism placed horizontally from left to 
right. Make working drawings, any scale, three 
views. 

6. Represent a vertical square prism in front and 
below the level of the eye. Taking this representa- 
tion as a basis and using light lines, draw within 
the representation of a square pyramid. 

7. Mention the three sources of all decorative 
work. 

8. Define and illustrate parallel perspective. 

9. Illustrate radiation from {a) a point ; (b) a cen- 
tre ; (c) a line. 

10. Make the top, front and sectional view of a 
hollow tube 12 in. in length, 6 in. in diameter and 1 
in in thickness. Figure this drawing, stating to 
what scale it is made. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
Name the bones of the arm and hand which 



ccclxii TWEN TIETH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

correspond respectively to these bones of the leg and 
foot : (a) femur , (6) phalanges ; (c) tibia ; {d) tarsal ; 
(d) fibula. 

3. What kind of a lever is used when the body is 
lifted by raising the heel and throwing the weight 
of the body upon the toe ? What is the weight ? 
Where is the fulcrum ? Where is the power applied ? 
What muscle applies the power ? 

3. Name two substances removed from the system 
by breathing. Show how the presence of each of 
these substances may be detected in the breath ex- 
haled. 

4. What is reflex action of the spinal cord ? Give 
an illustration. In what way do voluntary acts be- 
come reflex ? 

5. What is the effect of cutting the posterior root 
of a spinal nerve ? The anterior root ? 

6. Describe the manner in which an odoriferous 
substance affects the brain through the organ of 

. special sense . 

7. Why have insoluble solids no flavor ? 

8. What malformation of the eyeball produces 
nearsightedness ? Why ? What kind of glasses 
remedy this ? 

9. Whence does the portal vein receive its blood ? 
Whither does it carry it ? 

10. In binding an arm or leg to check the flow of 
blood from an artery, should the ligature be applied 
above or below the wound ? Why ? 

ZOOLOGY. 
1. Name a characteristic feature of a cat that leads 



yEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ^2, 1892. ccclxiii 

to its classification {a) as a vertebrate ; (6) as a mam- 
mal ; {c) as carnivorous ; (<f) as a cat. 

2. How many cavities has the heart of {a) the 
lion ? {b) the snake ? (c) the monkey ? {d) the tor- 
toise ? {e) the trout ? 

3. Name and describe the three stages in the life 
of a true insect. During which of these stages of 
insect life does the female lay eggs ? 

4. Mention one particular feature of (a) the teeth, 
(5) the stomach, and (c) the foot of a ruminant. 

5. Describe one of the distinguishing features of 
the marsupials. Where are these animals mainly 
found ? What species are found in this country ? 

6. Contrast the parrot and the sparrow as to (a) 
beak, {b) tongue, (c) claws. 

7. Describe the house-fly, referring to {a) the sec- 
tions of the body, (5) the character of the eye, (c) the 
number of wings, {d) the number and peculiar struc- 
ture of the feet. 

8. What is an amphibian ? Give an example. 

9. Describe the medusa (jellyfish) as to {a) its 
means of locomotion ; (b) the treatment of its prey. 

10. Show the adaptation of organ to function in 
{a) the beak of a falcon ; (h) the legs of a heron ; (c) 
the proboscis of a butterfly ; {d) the incisors of a 
rabbit. 



GEOLOGY. 

1. Describe, as to color, composition, position, 
and fossils, {a) Potsdam sandstone ; {b) Hamilton 
limestone. 



CCC'.xiv TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

2. What is metamorphic rock ? Name and locate* 
geographically, three examples. 

3. Mention two means of determining the relative 
ages of different sedimentary rocks. 

4. Mention the great geological eras in order, and 
give some account of the animal life associated with 
each. 

5. Mention three ways in which valleys have been 
formed. 

6. Name the agencies that have reduced irregular 
masses of rock to the form of boulders. 

7. What is (a) alluvium ? (b) silt ? 

8. Give three evidences in proof of the glacial 
theory. 

9. What geological inference is drawn from the 
fact that the animals of Java and Sumatra are the 
same as those of southern Asia ? 

10. What are igneous rocks ? What peculiar con. 
dition produced basaltic rock ? 



BOTANY. 

1. What may be inferred, from the fact that a 
plant has two cotyledons, as to (a) its mode of 
growth ? (b) The venation of its leaves ? 

2. In what way may the age of the maple tree be 
estimated ? Why may not a palm tree's age be 
learned in the same way ? 

3. Define these terms : (a) compound leaf ; (b) 
pistil ; (c) axil ; (d) stoma. 

4. Define these terms : (a) pollen ; (b) pericarp » 
(c) ovule ; (d) perianth. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1802. ccclxv 

5. Name one characteristic of leguminous plants 
{a) as to the form of petals ; {b) as to the fruit. 

6. State one characteristic feature of the cactus 
which adapts it to its habitat. Describe the adapta- 
tion referred to. 

7. What part of the maize plant bears the stami- 
nate flowers? What part bears the pistillate 
flowers ? 

8. Name four parts of a plant that are modifica- 
tions of leaves. 

9. Name two kinds of seeds that are supplied 
with appendages that serve to scatter them. (Name 
seeds that are scattered by different agencies.) 

10. Mention some part of each of the following 
plants, aside from their fruit, which has commercial 
value : (a) flax ; (b) india rubber ; (c) tea ; (d) cork 
tree ; {e) poppy. 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Why are the seasons not exactly of the same 
length ? 

I 2. Give one proof of the spheroidal form of the 
earth. 

j 3. Why is the solar day longer than the siderial 
|day? 

[ 4. At what point of the planet's orbit (a) is its 
centrifugal force greatest ? (b) Is its centripetal 
force greatest ? 

5. How is the fact of the sun's axial rotation 
proved ? 



ccclxvi T WEN TIE 1 'H STA IE EXAMINA TIOX. 



6. Make a diagram showing these four phases of 
the moon : (a) full moon ; {h) first quarter ; (c) new 
moon ; (fZ) last quarter. Indicate by the diagram the 
position of sun, earth and moon at each phase. 

7. "What causes a lunar eclipse ? 

9. From what two observed facts do we iniow 
that the planet Venus has a change of seasons ? 
From what one fact do we conclude that her seasons 
are more extreme than those of the earth ? 

10. "What angle does a vertical line make with the 
plane of the horizon ? In Lat. 43°, what angle does a 
vertical line make with the axis of the earth ? 



PHYSICS. 

1. "What is the difference between evaporation and 
ebullition ? Why is the temperature of boiling 
water not raised when more heat is applied ? 

2. A line drawn from the eye to an image of the 
sun in tranquil water, make an angle of forty de- 
grees with the surface of the water ; what angle is 
included between this line and a line from the sun 
to the image ? Prove your answer. 

3. Uniform velocities of three feet per second 
northward and six feet per second eastward, are 
simultaneously given to a particle. Draw a diagram 
to show the relative direction and intensity of the 
resultant. 

4. What change of energy takes place when you 
warm your fingers by rubbing them ? 

5. What universal property of matter enables us 
to free our clothes from dust by shaking them. ^ 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1892. ccclxvii 

6. A horse is drawing a load of a ton up a hill* 
with a grade of 5 to 100. If he has to do ten per 
cent, additional work on account of friction, with 
how much force must he pull ? 

7. What does a piece of wood wholly immersed 
in water tend to rise ? With what force does it tend 
to rise ? 

8. In a force pump how is the weight of the air 
utilized ? How is the elasticity of the air utilized ? 

9. What conditions produce two or more echoes 
of the same sound ? 

10. Describe the gold leaf electroscope and explain 
the principle of its action. 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. Distinguish between an atom and a molecule. 

2. Describe a method of preparing nitrogen. 

3. If a piece of lead is highly heated in the air, 
for a considerable time, what will be the effect upon 
its weight ? Why ? 

4. Give the symbols of the elements composing 
(a) sulphuric acid ; (6) nitric acid ; (c) muriatic acid ; 
{d) quick lime ; {e) ammonia. 

5. What element do all acids contain ? What 
change of elements, if any, takes place when an 
acid and a metal are placed in contact ? Give an 
example. 

6. Why is light called a chemical agent ? Describe 
an illustration of its power. 

7. When an acid and a base react upon each other, 
the result is water and another product. What gen-- 



ccclxviii TWEN TIETH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

eral name is applied to this product ? Describe an 
experiment showing the above, or give the reaction 
by symbols. 

8. Name three allotropic forms of carbon. What 
is the usually accepted theory of allotropism ? 

9. Indicate by formula the reaction that takes 
place when the breath is passed through lime water. 

10. Name three elements of the chlorine group. 
State differences as to their {a) physical properties ; 
(6) chemical properties. 



LATIN. 

1 Helvetios, Tulingos, Latovicos in fines suos, unde erant 

2 profecti, reverti jassit, et quod, omnibus fructibus amissis, 

3 domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus im- 

4 peravit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida . 

5 vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit. 

6 Quum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibemis. ita uti 

7 supra demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores affereban- 

8 tur litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas, 

9 quam tertiam esse Galiiae partem dixeramus, contra pop- 

10 ulum Romanum conjurare obsidesque inter se dare : con- 

11 jurandi has esse causas : primum, quod vererentur, ne 
13 omni pacata Gallia, ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur. 

13 Eodem fere tempore Publius Crassus, quum in Aquitan- 

14 lam pervenisset, quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et regionum 

15 latitudine et multitudine hominum ex tertia parte Galiiae 

16 est aestimanda, quum intelligeret in his locis sibi bellum 

17 gerendum, * * * non mediocrem sibi diligentiam ad- 

18 hibendam intelligebat. 

1-3. Translate the above sele-^tions. 

4. Give principal parts of {a) profecti (line 2); (5) 
jussit Qme 2) ; {c) vererentur (line 11) ; {d) affereban- 
tur (line 7) ; {e) fiebat (line 8). 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1892. ccclxix 

0. Give syntax (case and why) of («) sihi (line 17); 
{b) fructibiis (line 2); (c) domi (line 3); [d) helium (line 
16); {e) jjartem (line 9). 

6. State where in the conjugation of the verb the 
following words are found : (a) reverti (line 2); (b) 
conjurandi (Lines 10 and 11); (c) gerendum (line 17); 
{d) amissis (line 3); (<?) esset (line 6). Give the reason 
for the tense oi. facerent ([me 4). 

7. Decline {a) domi (line 3); {b) eum (line 7); (c) 
noster (line 12). 

8. Give the reason for the mode of (a) tolerarant 
(line 3); (b) facerent (Ane 4); {c) incenderant (line 5). 

9. What is the authority for the meaning of ne as 
illustrated in line 11 ? 

10. Translate into Latin : 

(a) Their arms and hostages having been received, Crassus 
set out for the Vocates and the Tarusates. 

(b) These were the difficulties of waging the war which we 
have shown above, but nevertheless many things incited 
Cffisar to this war. 



FRENCH. 

Translate : 

LE TRAVAIL EST LE VRAI SORTILEGE. 

1-3. Un esclave qui s'etait tire de servitude, ayant achate 
un petit champ, le cultiva avec tant de soin qu'il devint le 
plus fertile de tout le pays. Un tel succes lui attira la jalousie 
de tons ses voisins, qui Taccuserent d'user de magie et d'em- 
ployer des sortileges pour procurer a son petit champ une si 
etonnante fertilite, et pour rendre leurs terres steriles. II 
f ut appele en jugement devant le peuple remain. On salt 
que I'assemblee du peuple se tenait sur la place publique. 
Ill amena avec lui sa fille, qui etait une grosse paysanne tres 
laborieu.se, bien nourrie et bien vetue. II fit apportertous 



ccclxx TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

ses instruments de labour, qui etaient en fort bon etat : des 
hoyaux tres pesants, une charrue bien equipee et bien entre- 
tenue ; il fit venir aussi ses bceufs, qui etaient gros et gras. 
Puis, se tournant vers ses juges : " Voila, dit-il, mes sortileges 
et lamagie que j'emploie pour rendre mon champ fertile. 
Je ne puis pas, continua-t-il, produire iei mes sueurs, mes 
veilles, mes travaux de jour et de nuit." Les suffrages ne 
furent point partages ; il f ut absous d'une commune voix. 

{Rollin.) 
sortilege, witchcraft— /^afto?/?', tillage— ^oya^/, mattock. 

Translate : 

LE SOL DE LA HOLLANDE. 

4-6. Allez en Hollande, et voyez ces vertes et grasses 
prairies couvertes de belles genisses ; vous vous tromperiez 
etrangement si vous supposiez que c'est la nature qui a 
produit ce sol frais, si riche. Enfoncez en terre un baton, et 
a trois ou quatre pouces, vous trouverez un sable sterile. 
Cette herbe epaisse qui se convertit en lait, puis en fromage, 
et qui, sous cette forme, circule dans le monde entier, est 
produite par un terreau de creation purement artificielle. Au 
moyen d'une digxiQ fori nee de branches de saule, on a sequestre 
une portion du sable de la mer ; avec le vase amoiwelee par 
le flux et le reflux a consolide cette digue. Apres avoir sou- 
strait ce sable a I'eau de la mer, on ne I'a rendu accessible 
qu'a I'eau du ciel oudes rivieres, et on I'a ainsi dessale peu 
a peu. L'herbe y a pousse, pas tres succulente d'abord, et 
plus pres de la nature du jonc que de celle des graminees. 
On y a tnis des vaches, on y a laisse s'accumuler leur engrais 
fecondant, et on a,Jini par creer un sol artificiel d'une fer- 
tilite extreme. 

{Thiers.) 

genisse, heifev— terreau, vegetable jnonld—digve, dike — 
saule, willow— ^'onc, bulrush — graminees, grasses. 

7-8. Give the syntax of the italicized past partici- 
ples in the exact from Thiers. 

9. Form adverbs from assidus, aveugle, nul, grand, 
courageuXyfou, gentil, ohligeant, poll, sage. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1892. ccclxxi 

10. Translate into French : 

What a pretty town 1 almost every house has a large gar- 
den. Green trees grow in the principal streets ; in the spring 
and summer birds sing everywhere, all day and half the 
night ; and it is hard to remember one is not in the country. 
It is a city surrounded with woods and hills ; there is no 
river, otherwise I should like it better than the towns I have 
hitherto seen in England. I shall never forget those pleasant 
days. Send me my books, and tell our friends I shall return 
to London soon. 

GERMAN. 
Translate : 

13. Die Stadt Athen hat keine Ringmauern, keine 
Thore. Der erste Eindruck, den die Stadt aiif uns 
machte, war verstimmend und wohl geeignet, alle 
traumerischen Ilhisionen von einemraschenAufblii- 
hen des neuen Griechenlands zu zerstoren. Die 
Hauser sind sehr eng und niedrig, meist einstockig, 
zum grossten Teil ohne Fenster ; holzerne Laden 
schliessen bei schlechtem Wetter und bei Nacht die 
Oeffnungen, die als Fenster dienen. Die Strassen, 
selbst die Hauptstrassen, sind ganz entsetzlich 
schmutzig, denn sie sind alle ungepflastert. Es iibcr- 
fiel micheine namenlose Trauer ; ich dachte an Rom. 
Rom ist auch niclit mehr so gross, wie seine Ver- 
gangenheit, aber es hat ein glanzvollcres Mittelalter 
und steht auch jetzt im Wesentlichen mit der gan- 
zen europaischen Bildung auf gleicher Hohe. Wie 
ganz anders hier ! Der Aufschwung, den Griechen- 
land zur Zeit seines ruhmreichen Befreiungskricn-es 
nahm, ist vollig verschwunden. 
Translate : 

4-6. Wilhelm, ein zehnjahriger Knabe, war die 
Freude seiner Elteru. Sein Vater woUte ihm des- 



ccclxxii TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

halb auch eine Freude machen und nahm ihn mit 
nach der Stadt. Wilhelm war dariiber sehr froh. 
Der Wagen f uhr ab und bald zeigten sicli fremde 
Haiiser, Hiigel und Walder den Blicken deskleinen 
Reisenden. Er liatte so viel zu sehen, dass er Essen 
und Trinken vergass. Sein Vater erinnerte ihn, 
dass die Mutter Obst, Brot und eine Flasche Milch 
in den Wagen gelegt hatte. Wilhelm ass etwas 
Obst und trank ein wenig Milch. Dann ling er 
wieder an, den Yater liber die Namen der Dorfer 
und Berge, welche sie salien, zu fragen. Endlich 
waren sie an dem Tliore der Stadt angelangt. Wil- 
helm ging mit dem Yater durch die breiten Strassen 
und war liber die Menge grosser und schoner Laden 
erstaunt in denen Tuch und Seide, Tabak, Tlice, 
Gesasse von Gold und Silber und viele andere Dinge 
ausgestellt waren. Nachdem der Yater seine Ge- 
schafte abgemacht hatte, fuhren sie nach Hause. 
Dort angekommen konnte Wilhelm der Mutter nicht 
genug von der grossen Schonheit der Stadt erzah- 
len. 

7. Give the gender, genitive singular, and nomin- 
ative plural of Qedanke, Gewand, Kunst, Regiment, 
Nadel, Irrtum. Write the genitive singular, and 
nominative plural of derselbe reiche Kaufmann. 

8. Write the comparative and superlative of — 
hlau, schwarz, nah, wunderhar , folgsam, achtlos. 

9. Point out, with examples, the differences be- 
tween the conjugation of separable and inseparable 
compound verbs. Enumerate the inseparable pre- 
fixes. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1892. ccclxxiii 

10. Translate in German : 

Albany, N. Y., Aug. 26, 1893. 
My Dear Miss S , 

My sister wishes me to write to you and inform 
you that she is ill and therefore can not go to New 
York with you day after to-morrow. She asks 
whether it will be possible for you to wait a week 
longer for her. She hopes to be able to go then. 
With heartiest greetings to all the family, I remain, 
, Your friend, 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Define imagination. What study is most val- 
uable in the cultivation of it ? 

2. Wliat is meant by the law of association ? 
Show how it is applied in teaching reading and his- 
tory. 

3. What is meant by developing ideas ? State 
one advantage of, and one objection to, the develop- 
ing plan or method in teaching. 

4. Distinguish between school economy, school 
government, and school discipline. 

5. State fully what gives rise to the necessity for 
ventilating a room occupied by pupils. ' 

6. Discuss the advantages of the use of the mold- 
ing board in teaching primary geography. 

7. What is an experiment in physics ? Describe 
such an experiment, and show how it serves the pur- 
pose for which it was intended. 

8. In arranging a programme should a place be pro- 
vided for lessons in moral instruction ? Give reason 
for your answer. 



ccclxxiv T WENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

9. Discuss the advantages of the Grube methcd 
of teaching number. 

10. Name {a) the advantages of oral lessons in 
language work ; {h) the objections to lessons in false 
syntax. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Mention one good reason for teaching at least 
the first principles of civil government in all schools. 

2. Mention two advantages which a State enjoys 
as a member of the union, which it would not enjoy 
as an independent nation. 

3. Why is the power of the governor to veto par- 
ticular items in a bill appropriating public money 
an important safeguard against corruption ? 

4. Where is the original source of power in a re- 
publican government ? 

5. {a) What authority in the several States pre- 
scribes the times, manner and places of holding 
elections for United States senators ? (6) What au- 
thority has congress in the matter ? 

6. How is the office of justice of a United States 
court filled, and for how long a term ? 

7. What two restrictions does the United States 
constitution place upon the different branches of 
congress with respect to adjournment ? 

8. What legally constitutes a qualified teacher ? 

9. Who has the authority to regulate the attend- 
ance of pupils, the course of study and the selection 
of text-books ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxv 

10. In a common school district having three 
trustees what conditions are necessary to the validity 
of the teacher's contract as to {a) legal qualitica- 
tions ? {b) relation!>hip ? (c) circumstances under 
which the contract is made ? 



Tweiity-flrst Eipmiiiatiou for State Certificates. 

Held August 21-25, 1898. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Distinguish («) between a number absolutely 
prime and one relatively prime ; (/>) between a num- 
ber only concrete and one that is denominate. Give 
an illustration of each. 

2. Determine by inspection the number of in- 
tegral places in the quotient of 1.068754 divided by 
.0003765, and explain your method of procedure. 

3. A, B, C, and D, together do a piece of w^ork. 
A and B together do /- of the whole, B and C i^ of 
the whole, and A and C \\ of the whole. What 
part of the whole work does D do ? 

4. Reduce the couplet 9f : 32jV to the integral 
form in lowest terms. 

5. A merchant in business for four consecutive 
years found the results for each year to be as fol- 
lows : The first year a gain of Vi%, the second a 
loss of 12^, the third a loss of 8^^, and the fourth a 
gain of 5^. If all gains remained in the business 



ccclsxvi TWENTY-FIBS T ST A TE EXAMINA Tl ON. 

and no capital was withdrawn, was his original 
capital increased or diminished, and what per cent ? 

6. If I remit to my principal $625.38 as the net 
proceeds of a sale of lumber, after paying freight 
charges amounting to |ll8.72, and retaining my 
commission ^%, what is the amount of my com- 
mission ? 

7. The compound interest on a certain sum for 
three years, compounded annually at 5^, is $277.83. 
Required the original principal. 

8. What rate of interest per annum does a bank 
receive on the money advanced to discount a note 
at the rate of 6;» per annum, if the term of discount 
be 1 mo. 27 da. ? 

9. A 2^ quarterly dividend declared by a street 
railway company paid a stockholder at the rate of 
l'ljT% annually on his investment. At what rate 
did he purchase his stock ? 

10. The capacity of a rectangular bin 6 ft. 2 in. 
long and 3 ft. 2 in. wide is G2|| bushels stricken 
measure. How deep is the bin ? 



ALGEBRA. 

1. Define (a) members of an equation; (b) poly- 
nomial; (c) elimination ; (rf) simultaneous equations ; 
(e) affected quadratic. 

2. Find the numerical value of the following ex- 
pression in which a=2 ; b=4: ; c=6. 

a^—l{5bc-[a^-{Sc-Sbc^)-\-dc-ia^-2bc-c)]} 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxvii 



3. Find the three prime factors of (a) iiJ--\-Qx^y^-\- 



aa 



^y, (P) -2+12-^' 

4. A number is expressed by three figures whose 
sum is 18. The figure iu the place of uuits is equal 
to the sum of the other figures iu the number ; and 
if 594 be added to the number, the result will be ex- 
pressed by the same figures with the order reversed. 
"What is the number ? 

5. A farm containing 9 acres is four rods longer 
than it is wide. What is its length and breadth ? 

6. Find the sum of 
(^OiV'pV^andf V^lT 

{b) Multiply ( V^^ - <iy by ( V /,)'. 

7. Find the value of x in the equation V a,'-f 9 + 

yf 4x= 13. 

8. What is the square root of x-y-'^ -\-4.ri/-'^ -{- 
2x-'-\-4:-\-4x-^yi-x-^i/-'. 

9. Find the values of x and y in the eoua- 

10. Given 5.r-f ^ ^•^' = ^ 16, to find two values of 
X. Verify both values. 



GEOMETRY. 

1. Illustrate by a figure (a) supplemental angles; 
(b) trapezium ; (c) segment ; (d) locus of a point. 

2. Demonstrate : If two sides of a triangle are un- 



ccclxxviii TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINATION, 

equal, the angles opposite are unequal, and the 
greater angle lies opposite the greater side. 

3. Pass a circumference through three points not 
in the same straight line, and give proof of your 
construction. 

4. Determine the number of sides of the polygon 
in which the sum of the interior angles exceeds the 
sum of the exterior angles by 540°. 

5. Demonstrate : If two chords intersect within 
the circumference, the angles formed are measured by 
the half sum of the intercepted arcs. 

6. (a) Construct a square equivalant to a given 
hexagon, {b) Give the steps in the process of con- 
struction. 

7. Inscribe a circle in a triangle. Give method of 
solution in full. 

8. Two secants are drawn to a circle from an out- 
side point. If their external segments are 15 and 8, 
while the internal segment of the latter is 12, what 
is the internal segment of the latter ? 

X y 




m 11 

9. In the trapezoid mxyn, mn = 2xy. Prove : xt 
=\ xn ; yt=i ym. 

10. The outside circle of a half-mile track is forty 



A^EW YOFK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxix 

feet from the inside circle. A bicycle ridden on the 
inside circle, and through the whole length of the 
track, goes exactly one-half mile. How far will the 
bicycle go if ridden on the outside circle ? 



BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. Give the technical term applicable to each of 
the following : {a) The difference between the re- 
sources and the liabilities when the latter are greater; 
(b) debts owing by the business ; (c) the difference 
between the net investment and the netfdoss. 

2. Write ten abbreviations in common use in book- 
keeping, and give the meaning of each. 

3. Mention four classes of resources. 

4. (a) What is shown by entries on the credit side 
of stock account ? (b) By entries on the debit side ? 

Memoranda. — In closing a ledger, the inventory showed 
merchandise on hand amounting to S~<61G. 46. The balances 
on ledger accounts are as follows : Cash. Dr. side, S2,l'<'0.25; 
merchandise. Dr., $937.56; bills payable, Cr., Sl,235; bills re- 
ceivable. Dr. $1,922.71 ; JohnFenn, Cr., $1,049.16 ; Eli Reeves, 
Dr., $121.83 ; Howard Jones, Cr., $98.33 ; Irving Selmser, Dr., 
$298.11 ; Ellsworth Mead, Dr., $481.05; expense, Dr., $2,106.18; 
discounts, Cr., $405.93. 

5. From the foregoing memoranda write up the 
balance account. 

6. From the same memoranda write up the loss 

and gain account. 

Meynoranda.—YiQnTY Sill & Son, of Buffalo, N. Y., sold 
Gilbert Myers, of Batavia, N. Y., April 2, 1893, a store for 
$7,800, and the stock of merchandise at an inventory of 
$11,285, accepting in part payment a note given Mr. Myers 
by Elbert Reeder, March 1, 1893, payable 90 days after date, 



ccclxxx TWENTY-FIEST 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

in the sum of $3,500, a house and lot valued at S4,600, and 
New York sight drafts amounting to $8,242. The balance 
was charged to account, due in two equal installments in 
three months and six months respectivelJ^ The note of Mr. 
Reader was paid at maturity, but Mr. Myers, being unable to 
meet the first payment on account, when due, gave in settle- 
ment a GO-day bankable note, with Edwin Curry, as indorser, 
payable at the First National bank of Buffalo. 

7. Journalize the several transactions of the mem- 
oranda books of Gilbert Myers. 

8. Show the several transactions of the memor- 
anda, as posted in the ledger of Henry Sill & Son. 

9. Write the last mentioned note. 

10. Rule form of bank book issued by some bank 
to yourself, make five entries (two deposits and 
three sums withdrawn by check), and bring down 
the balance. 



GRAMMAR. 

(1) Though forced to drudge for the dregs of men, 

(2) And scrawl strange words with the barbarous pen, 

(3) And mingle among the jostling crowd 

(4) W here tiie sons of strife are subtle and loud— 

(5) I often come to this quiet place. 

(0) To breathe the airs that rufifie thy face, 
(7) And gaze upon thee in silent dream, 
(S) For ill liiy h)nely and lovely stream 
(9) An iiiage of that calm life appears 
(10) That Won my heart in my greener years. 

William Cullen Bryant. 

Tlie first seven questions refer to the above selec 
lion. 

1. Give the {<() unmodified subject; (/j) the un- 
modified predicate of the principal clause. 



NEWYOIiK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ceclxxxi 



2. Givefivemodificrsof the predicate just selected. 
(See note G.) Supply any omitted words. 

3. Name and classify all clauses not already 
given. (See note 6.) 

4. Give the modifiers of each of the infinitives. 

5. Select (a) five transitive ; (b) five intransitive 

verbs. 
C. Select and classify all words that connect 

clauses, 

7. Write the conjugation of the passive voice of 
the verb icon (line 10.) 

8. Name and illustrate five different uses of the 
infinitive construed like a noun. 

9. State how each tense of the indicative mode is 
found ? 

10. Illustrate five different uses of what, giving 
the 2:rammatical relation of each. 



COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1. Define (a) belles-lettres ; (b) climax ; (c) irony. 

2. Mention the three principal cliaracteristics of 
good style. 

3. Upjn what two things do clearness, force, and 
elegance depend ? 

4. Write a periodic sentence and reconstruct it 
into the form of a loose sentence. 

5. Point out and name the figures of rhetoric 
found in each of ihe following sentences -.—{a) "The 
dew-drops still hung upon the brilliantly painted 



ccclxxxii TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINATION, 

flowers;" {h) "Next anger rushed, his eyes on 
fire;" (c) "His library contains Dickens, Haw- 
thorne, and a host of other novelists ; " {d) " Youth 
and beauty, manhood and old age, alike, fell vic- 
tims to the fatal scourge;" {e) "He combines the 
strength of the lion with the stupidity of an ostrich." 

Selection : — 

(1) In life's small things be resolute and great, 

(2) To keep thy muscles trained. Knowest thou when 

fate 

(3) Thy measure takes ? Or when she'll say to thee, 

(4) "I find thee worthy, do this thing for me. " 

6. {a) Sean the above selection and tell what kind 
of verse it is. (b) Justify the use of the comma after 
"great," line 1; after "thee," line 3; after 
"worthy, " line 4. 

7. Recast the selection, using arrangement and 
diction suitable for prose composition. 

8. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
such of the words given below as most nicely ex- 
press the meaning. (Delusive, illusive, extended, 
increased, enlarged.) 

The teacher's intellectual acquirements will be , 

his field of usefulness , and his mental horizon , 

by the study of psychology. 

The idea of easily acquired wealth and position is as 

to the ignorant immigrant, as it is to the too enthu- 
siastic native youth. 

9. Recast the expression, " In the morning of life 
we set out joyfully and hopefully, but we soon 
pursue our journey sorrowfully and despondently," 
{a) with at least two changes in grammatical con- 



XEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxxiii 

struction ; (p) with at least two changes in the words 
used to express the thought; i. e., changes from 
literal to figurative or vice versa, or changes to 
words that more nicely express the meaning. 

10. Write (a) a formal invitation to a dinner ; {b) 
a formal acceptance of the invitation, 

GENERAL LITERATURE. 

1. («) Give a brief sketch of Mr. Lowell's life. 
{b) State at least two characteristics of his writings. 

2. By what title is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes 
familiarly known ? Why ? 

3. {a) What is Dr. Holmes's marked characteristic 
as a writer ? ip) Exemplify this characteristic hy 
not less than three illustrations taken from The 
Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. 

4. State two characteristics of Mr. Tennyson's 
writings. 

The Vision of Sir Launfal. 

5. {a) What w^as the "Holy Grail" ? (J) What 
was Sir Launfal's vow Mith reference to it ? 

6. Give a synopsis of the poem. 

7. Give two quotations from the poem. 

The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. 

8. («) How does the principal character in this 
work regard punning ? {b) How does he show that 
there are at least six personalities taking part in every 
dialogue ? (<:■) How does he rank self-made men ? 
{d) " Our brains are seventy-year clocks." Give, in 
substance, the two or three lines following this 
quotation, (e) How did he come to regard the 
"school mistress " ? 



ccclxxxiv TWENTY-FIRS T S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 

Julius Ca'sar. 

9. What characteristics of the play render it 
specially valuable for boys's reading ? 

10. (a) Give the plot of the play, (b) Give not 
less than three familiar quotations from the play. 



GEOGRAPHY 

1. (a) Define isothermal lines, [b) Why do not 
these lines coincide with tlie parallels ? 

2. AYliere is the zone of calms ? Account for its 
being a zone of calms. 

3. N'ame the largest two rainless districts in the 
world. Account for their being rainless. 

4. (a) Which half of the United States is a high- 
land ? (b) Where are the prairie regions ? (c) What 
river drains the northern j^lateau ? (d) What river 
drains the southern plateau ? (e) What great lake 
in the " Great Basin " between these plateaus ? 

5. (a) Name and locate three large cities of Europe, 
farther north than IMaine or Michigan, (c) Name 
and locate six cities in the United States in about 
the same latitude as Lisbon. 

6. The Cassiquiare river connects the Amazon and 
Orinoco river systems. Wliat remarkable physical 
feature is associated with this river ? 

7. Is the mouth of the Orinoco a delta, or is it an 
estuary ? Explain your answer. 

8. Name five seas triliutarj' to the Mediterranean. 

9. Name the two most^ direct all- water routes over 



NEW YORK. ETC., AUGUST 21, \m'^. ccclxxxv 



which a pei'sou would sail in going from Morocco 
to Calcutta. 

10. Xame three all-water routes between Cleve- 
land and the Atlantic coast. 



DRAWING. 

Note.— Use compass for circles. Take measurements 
from ruler. The measure of all work shall be at least 

ONE INCH. 

1 . (a) Name six colors found in the solar spectrum. 
(p) What is a tint ? {t) AVhat is a shade ? {d) Name 
two neutrals, {e) What color is complementary to 
red ? (/) What is the key in a color scale ? 

2. (rt) What is meant by the term foreshortening ? 
(/;) If a vertical square (plane toward observer) 
should be swung forward, from either side, on a 
vertical axis, what measure must be decreased to show 
foreshortening ? (c) If a vertical square (plane 
toward observer) should be swung forward f'-oni 
either side, on a vertical axis, what edge must be in- 
creased to strengthen the foreshortening ? 

3. (/O Draw to represent a cube, showing top, 
front uiid left side, {h) Place spheres tangent to the 
middle point of the right and left sides, (c) Shade 
each solid (light from the left.) 

4. Draw to represent a book standing on end, and 
partially open, directly in front and below the eye, 
back of book towards observer. 

5. Pt. 1. (a) Draw to represent an ellipse two 
inches long, {h) Place and designate the major and 
minor axes. 

Pt. 3. Draw three concentric circles, in a hori- 



ccGlxxxvi TWENTY-FIRST ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

zontal position, below the eye. Measure two inch 
diameter for the largest. 

Pt. 3. Draw and divide a regular hexagon into 
six equilateral triangles. 

6. Draw to represent an open umbrella. (This 
work from the object.) 

7. Make a working drawing of a common spool. 
(Measure optional.) 

8. {a) Copy group given on opposite page, {h) 
Conventionalize and arrange symmetrically one 
blossom and two buds. 

9. {a) In decoration, where is sculptured orna- 
ment used ? (b) In applied design, where is flat 
ornament used ? 

10. (a) What peculiarity is found in the curves of 
the Greek ornament ? (5) What peculiarity is found 
in the angles of the Byzantine ornament ? {c) What 
peculiarity is found in the curves of the Saracenic 
ornament ? 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1 . Name the membrane that covers (a) the heart ; 
{h) the intestines ; (c) the bones ; {d) the lungs ; {e) 
the brain. 

2. Name five glands each of which secretes a dif- 
ferent fluid, and state the office of the fluid secreted. 

3. State three evil effects which the use of alcohol 
lends to produce upon the human system. 

4. Compare veins and arteries {a) as to structure ; 
(J)) as to appearance of blood which they contain 
and the cause of such appearance ; (c) as to direction 
and manner of movement of the blood therein. 



NEW TOR IT, ETC., AUOUST^-i, 1,«03. ccclxxxvii 




ccclxxxviii T WENTY-FIBSTSTA TEEXAMINA TION. 

5. Locate {a) the jugular vein ; {h) the portal 
vein ; (c) the thoracic duct ; {d) the aorta ; {e) the 
pulmonary artery, 

6. Name three organs which throw off poisonous 
matter from the system, and name the particular 
poison or poisons thrown off by each. 

7. Describe the anatomy of the ear. 

8. Name and describe each of the two layers of the 
skin as to {a) position ; (h) sensitiveness ; (c) ^struc- 
ture ; {d) oflBcfc. 

9. What changes must the food undergo prepar- 
atory to nutrition ? 

10. Describe joints, naming the parts necessary 
to their construction, and the office of each part. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Name three permanent settlements made in 
America at the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

3. Give a brief sketch of the life and character of 
any one of the following : Alexander Hamilton, 
Salmon P. Chase, Rufus King. 

3. Give the name of the greatest of the Dutch 
governors of New York. Give also a brief descrip- 
tion of the character and customs of the people of 
this colony under Dutch rule. 

4. What great questions were settled by the 
French and Indian War ? 

5. Who was the author of the Missouri Compro- 
mise ? Give its provisions. 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxxix 

6. Give a description of any important battle 
fought in New York during the Revolution, and 
state why it is classed with important battles. 

7. During whose administration were the Alien 
and Sedition laws passed ? State the principal 
features of these laws. 

8. Compare the personal characteristics and the 
administration of Andrew Jackson with those of 
James Buchanan. 

9. Compare the condition of the northern States 
with that of the south at the beginning of the Civil 
War. 

10. State facts concerning each of the following : 
{a) Charles A. Dana ; {h) John Carver ; (c) Roger 
Sherman ; {d) William H. Prescott ; (e) Benjamin F. 
Butler. 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. From what important event did each of the 
following nations or sects reckon dates : {a) The 
Romans ; {h) the Hebrews ; {c) the Christians ; {d) 
the Mahommedans ? 

2. Compare the Roman civilization with the 
Grecian, as to {a) public works ; (b) education ; (c) 
literature. 

3. Who were the Norsemen ? What influence 
had they on French civilization ? What on Eng- 
lish civilization ? ' State how this influence came to 
be exerted in each instance. 

4. Name five of the most decisive European bat- 



cccxc TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINATION. 

ties of modern times, and give reasons for your 
answer in each instance. 

5. (a) Mention the two great maritime achieve- 
ments of the 15th century. (5) Under the auspices of 
what nations were they respectively conducted ? (c) 
What was their immediate effect upon the maritime 
powers of Europe ? 

6. Give outline of the first crusade as to {a) 
approximate date ; (5) the first expedition and its 
fate ; (c) the second expedition, naming at least one 
of its principal leaders ; {d) the treatment of the 
second expedition by the Emperor Alexius of Con- 
stantinople ; {e) the final result. 

Y. What was the cause of the third crusade ? 
Who was the principal leader on the Christian side ? 
Who on the Moslem side ? How did the expedition 
terminate ? 

8. Give a brief account of (a) the Hospitallers ; (5) 
the Templars ; (c) the Mamelukes. 

9. (a) In what crusade was Jerusalem a second 
time gained by the Christians ? How ? (5) Give 
approximate date of the close of the Holy Wars. 

10. What were the effects of the crusade upon 
the civilization of Europe («) for good ? (J) For 
evil ? 



ZOOLOGY. 

1. How many chambers in the heart of (a) the 

whale : Q)) the giraffe ; (c) the bat ; (d) the duck ; {e) 

the alligator ; (/) the toad ; {g) the mackerel ; (A) 

the brook trout ; {%) the black snake ; (J) the turtle ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2\,\%QZ. cuu id 

2. Mention {a) two examples of digitigrades ; (6) 
two of plantigrades, 

3. What are the general characteristics of the mol- 
luscans ? 

4. {a) What orders of birds include those most 
serviceable to man ? {h) Give examples of each 
order. 

5. Describe the circulation of blood in fishes. 

6. In what respect are reptiles and bears alike, as 
to {a) habits ; (/>) food ? 

7. In what respects is the respiration of mammals 
and birds different ? 

8. What are the general characteristics of the 
echinodernis ? 

9. Mention three different orders of mammals 
common in your locality. Give an example of each. 

10. The bison is the only bovine indigenous to 
America, except the musk ox. (a) Define the words 
italicised ; (6) to what class, order, and family does 
the bison belong ? 



GEOLOGY. 

1 . Name three minerals which enter into the com- 
posiiion of granite. 

2. Explain how bars are formed at the mouths of 
rivers that flow into the ocean, and what determines 
their location. 

3. To what age does the Salina period belong ? 
Give a theory to account for the deposit of salt in 
Central New York. 

4. Give the principal characteristics of mesozoic 



ccc xcii TWENTT-FIRST ST A TEEXAMINA TION. 

time as to {a) animal life ; (6) plant life ; (c) rock 
formation, 

5. Give the different stages in the formation of a 
coral reef. 

6. Why do geologists assert that the Catskills be- 
long to the Appalachian system and that the Adiron- 
dacks do not ? 

7. Give (a) proofs of former existance of glaciers ; 
Q)) methods of tracing their course. 

8. Define {a) ore ; % vein ; (c) fault ; {d) dip ; {e) 
crystal. 

9. State briefly hovr the action of frost may ma- 
terially assist in the change of the contour of a 
country, 

10. Arrange the following terms in order of the 
formation of the rocks which they severally repres 
sent : Niagara, Trenton, Salina, Potsdam, Hamilton. 



BOTANY. 

1 . What is the rudimentary plantlet contained in 
the seed called ? Name its parts, 

2, Name the parts of the flower, and give the 
office of each. Define chlorophyle, 

3 A typical flower is said to be 'perfect, complete, 
regular, and symmetrical. Explain the meaning of 
the italicised words, 

4, State two means by which the fertilization of 
ovules takes place. By what means are the ovules 
of grasses fertilized ? Of bright and fragrant 
flowers ? 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccc xciii 

5. Classify leaves with reference to special con- 
formation and use. 

6. What nourishment do plants obtain from the 
atmosphere ? From the soil ? 

7. Classify with reference to duration of root {a) 
lettuce ; {b) the horse radish ; {c) barley ; {d) salsify 
(oyster plant) ; {e) the raspberry. 

8. State the natural method or methods of propa- 
gation of (rt) ferns ; {h) the plum ; (c) the artichoke ; 
{d) the grape ; {e) quack grass. 

9. Describe the process of {a) grafting ; {b) bud- 
ding. 

10. What is the numerical plan of flowers ? What 
two numbers are most common ? 



ASTRONOMY. 

1. Define the following terms; ecliptic, zodiac, 
perihelion, apogee, solstice. 

2. Give the conditions necessary for an eclipse of 
the sun. 

3. What are librations of the moon ? Explain the 
cause of longitudinal librations. 

4. What conclusions have been reached by astron- 
omers in regard to the fixed stars as to {a) their size : 
{h) their composition ; {c) the kind of light they emit; 
(d) their distance from the earth ; {e) their motion in 
space. 

5. Discuss briefly the planet Venus as to (a1 rela- 
tive location among the planets ; (b) apparent change 
of size ; (c) the cause of its change from morning to 
evening star. 



ccc xciv TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINA TION. 

6. What are tides ? How often do they occur ? 
What causes spring tides ? 

7. Name the major planets in order of distance 
from the sun, and give the number of satellites of 
each. 

8. What are sun spots, and how do they prove 
that the sun rotates on its axis ? What does the 
spectroscope reveal as to the composition of the 
sun ? 

9. Give a theory to account for the November 
showers of meteors. 

10. Give the method of designating the place of 
a heavenly body, and explain the terms used. 



PHYSICS. 

1. State the law of refraction of light. 

2. Briefly describe an incandescent electric light. 

3. {a) Why do clouds tend .to prevent frost ? (6) 
Why does wind tend to prevent frost ? 

4. Some metals can be cast with sharp edges ; 
others cannot ; why ? Give an example of each. 

5. Vapor is seen to rise from a cake of ice left on 
the sidewalk on a hot day. Explain the phenomenon; 

6. As a balloon ascends to a great height, what 
tends to cause the confined gas {a) to expand ; {b) 
to contract ? 

7. Explain the principle involved in the Davy 
safety lamp. 

8. (a) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 
(5) A piece of lead, is composed of molecules; (c) Pine 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2\, 1893. cccxcv 



gum sticks to the fingers {d) Carpet tacks cling to a 
lodestone ; {c) Ink rises in a blotting paper. Name 
the kind of attraction illustrated in each of the fore- 
going examples. 

9. What is the approximate length of a pendulum 
which, at sea level will vibrate (a) seconds ; {h) 
quarter-seconds ? 

10. What principle of electro-magnetism is ap- 
plied in the sounding or registering apparatus of the 
Morse telegraph ? 

CHEMISTRY. 

1. Designate by their symbols (a) four elements 
which at ordinary temperatures are gases ; {b) two 
whicli are liquids; {c) four that are solids (not 

metals). 

2. Give the chemical equation (reaction) express- 
ing the changes which 'take place in the preparation 
of° nitrous oxide (laughing gas), or in preparing 
muriatic acid. 

3. What is meant by the atomic weights of ele- 
ments. Illustrate. 

4. Give the source and the use of COj, («) in mor- 
tar used in brick laying ; {h) in bread making ; (c)in 
soda water. 

5. Name the elements that enter into the compo- 
sition of (a) sugar ; {h) blue vitrol ; (c) common salt ; 
{d) alcohol ; {e) sal ammoniac. 

6. What materials enter into the composition of 
(a) common window glass; (b) steel, brass, soft 
solder, German silver ? 



cccxcvi TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINATION. 

7. Explain the decomposition of COg that takes 
place in the leaves of plants, as to (a) the chemical 
agent involved ; ip) the disposition of the elements. 

8. Give the chemical symbol of the product of 
the combustion in air of {a) sulphur ; ip) phos- 
phorus ; {c) hydrogen ; {d) zinc. 

9. Give the name and two prominent character- 
istics of the metallic base of {a) clay ; {b) galena ; (c) 
cinnabar. 

10. Explain two processes, one physical and the 
other chemical, by means of which charcoal acts as 
a disinfectant. 



LATIN. 

1. Translate : 

(1) Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari opor- 

(2) teret, populi Romani justissimum esse in Gallia imperium : 

(3) si judicium senatus observari oporteret, liberara debere 

(4) esse Gallium, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset. 

2. Translate: 

(5) Eo quum de improvise celeriusque omni opinione venis- 

(6) set, Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum le- 

(7) gatos R^cium et And()Cumborum,primos civitatis,miserunt, 

(8) qui dicerent, se suaque omnia in fidem atque in postesta- 

(9) tem populi Romani permittere. 

3. Translate: 

(10) Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac 

(11) promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resisteus ad 

(12) calaraita;es perferendas mens eorum est. 

4. Translate : 

(13) Cognoverat enim, magnam partem equitatusab iis ali- 

(14) quot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique causa ad 

(15) Ambivaritos trans Mosam luissam. 



XEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2\, 1893. cccxcvii 

5. Select a gerund and give its grammatical con- 
struction. 

6. Select a gerundive and give its grammatical 
constructi* n. 

7. Give the principal parts of {a) debere (line 3) ; 
{b) victam (line 4) ; (c) resistens (line 11) ; {d) perferert.- 
das line 12) ; {e) viissam (line 15). 

8. Give the syntax of («) bdlo (line 4) ; (b) imperi- 
um (line 2) ; (c) legibus (line 4) ; {d) opinione (line 5) ; 
{e) calnmitatcs (line 12). 

9. Give the mode and the reason for the same of 
{a) vetiimet (line 5) ; {b) dicerent (line 8j. 

10. Write in Latin : 

At first, both on account of the multitude of the enemy 
and on accouit of their remarkable reputation for valor, 
Caesar decided to refrain from battle. 



FRENCH. 

Translate : 

EXTASE. 

1-2. (1) J'etais senl pres des flots. par une nuit d'etoiles, 

(2) Pas un nuage aux cieux, sur les mers pas de voiles, 

(3) Mes yeux plonj^eaient pins loin que le raonde reel. 

(4) Et les bi)ls, et les monts. cttoute la nature, 

(.3) Semblaient interrojrer dans uus un confus murmure 

(6) Les flots des mers, les feux du ciel. 

(7) Etles etoiles d'or, legions infinies, 

(8) A voix haute, a voix basse, avec mille harmonies, 

(9) Disaient, en inclinant leurs couronnes de feu: 
(to) Et les flots bleus, que rien ne gouverne et n'arrete, 

(11) Disaient en recourbant Tecume de lenr crete : 

(12) " C'estle Seigneur, le Seigneur Dieu 1 " 

( M.ctor Hugo). 
Translate • 



cccxcviii T WENTY-FIRST ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 

LA DUCHESSE DE WITTEMBERG. 

3-5. (1) Conrad III, qui avoit ete elu empereur en 1138, as- 

(2) siegeoit Weinsperg, petite ville des etats du due de 

(3) ville des etats du due de Wittemberg, en Allemagne. 

(4) Ce due, qui s'etoit vivement oppose a Telection de 

(5) Conrad, et qui avoit meme refuse de le reconnoitre, 

(6) se tenoit avec sa femme renferme dans cette ville. 

(7) II en soutint le siege avec une bravoure heroique, et 

(8) ne ceda qu'a la force. L'empereur, irrite, vouloit 

(9) raettre tout a feu et a sang : cependant il fit grace 

(10) aux femmes, et leur permit de sortir, et d'emporter 

(11) avec elles tout ce qu'elles avoient de plus precieux. 

(12) L'espouse du due profita aussitot de cette permission 

(13) pour sauver les jours de son mari. Elle le prit sur 

(14) ses epaules. Toutes les femmes de la ville en firent 

(15) autant ; et Conrad les vit sortir ainsi chargees, la 

(16) duchesse a leur tete. line put tenir contre un spec- 

(17) taclesi interessant, et cedanta I'admiration qu'il lui 

(18) causoit. il fit grace aux hommes en f aveur des fem- 

(19) mes.— La ville f ut sauvee. 
Translate 

6. (1) Adieu, charmant pays de France, 

(2) Que je dois tant cherir ! 

(3) Berceau de mon heureuse enfance, 

(4) Adieu, te quitter, c'est mowxxx .—(Beranger). 

Translate into French : 

7. (a) Who is this boy ? 

(6) He is an unhappy man. 

(c) John, make a fire in my chamber. 

(d) At what hour do you rise ? 

(e) I am very happy to see you. When did you rettim ? 

8. Give the principal parts of (a) semblaient (1-2, 
line 5) ; {h) soutint (3-5, line 7) ; (c) prit (3-5, line 
13) ; {d) mourir (6, line 4). 

9. (a) Select from the exercises two adjectives and 
give comparison of each ; (&) account for the e in 



NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. cccxcix 

plongeaint (1-3, line 3) ; (c) decline the pronoun of 
the first person. 

10. Select from the exercises above and tell what 
each modifies (a) two prepositional phrases ; {b) two 
adverbial phrases. 

GERMAN. 
1-4. Translate : 

Der reichste Furst. 

Preisend mit viel schonen Reden 
Ihrer Lander Werth und Zahl 
Sassen viele deutsche Flirsten 
Einst zu Worms im Kaisersaal. 

, ,Herrlich , ' ' sprach der Fiirst von Sachsen, 
,,Ist mein Land und seine Macht, 
Silber hegen seine Berge 
Wohl in manchem tiefen Schacht." 

,,Seht mein Land in tipp'ger Fiille," 
Spracht der Kurfurst von dem Rhein, 
,,Goldne Saaten in den Thalern, 
Auf den Bergen edlen Wein !" 

,,Grosse Stadte reiche Kloster," 
Ludwig, Herr zu Baiern, sprach, 
,,Schaffen, dass mein Land den euern 
Wohl nicht steht an Schatzen nach. " 

Eberhard, der mit dem Barte, 
Wiirtembergs geliebter Herr, 



cccc TWENTY-FIRST STATE EXAMINATION. 

Sprach : ,,Mem Land bat kleine Stadte, 
Tragt nicbt Berge silberscliwer, 

,,Docb ein Kleinod bait's verborgen : 
Dass in Waldern nocb so gross 
Ich mein Haupt kann klibnlicb legen 
Jedem Untertban in Scbooss ! ' ' 

Und es rief der Herr von Sachsen, 
Dcr von Baicrn, der vom Bbein : 
,,Gras im Bart, Ibr seid der reiebste, 
Euer Land trJlgt Edelstein ! " 

— {Justinus Kerner.) 
Translate : 

Weisheit. 

5. Als man Thales fragte, was das scbwierigste 
und was das leicbtcste Ding in der Welt sei, ant- 
wortete er : Das scbwierigste ist, sicb selbstkennen 
zu lernen, und das leicbtcste, an den Handlungen 
anderer Tadel zu finden. 

6, 7. Classify witb reference to gender tbe follow- 
ing nouns in tbe first selection : Lander, Kaisersaal, 
Fiirst, Bevfje, PJiein, Wein, Barte, Kleinod, Unter- 
than, Edelstein. 

8. Give tbe principal parts of (a) sassen; (b) ist; 
(c) seht; (d) tragi; {e) hdlVs. 

9. {a) In tbe second selection wliat part of tbe verb 
is sei ? (b) Explain its use in tbis case. 

10. Translate into German {a) I want to speak to 
you. (b) Have you been to Cbicago tbis summer ? 



XE\V YUUK, KTC. .16(y6> 7' ai, 1893. cccel 



(c) Yes, I went by boat and enjoyed the entire trip. 



METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

1. Illustrate that what we perceive depends upon 
attention. 

2. Distinguish between a teacher and an instructor. 

3. What general law should govern the selection 
of studies for pupils ? 

4. Distinguish between a method of education 
and a system of education. 

5. (a) Mention three results to be obtained by re- 
views, and {h) state how often they should be held to 
secure each of these results. 

6. State the two most important objects in view 
in teaching grammar. 

7. {a) State the chief principle on which the Pes- 
talozzian methods are based. (J>) Briefly describe 
the method of its application. 

8. Give the tliree principal steps in conducting a 
class exercise. 

9. Inductive teaching is sometimes designated as 
synthetic. On what grounds ? 

10. Discuss the advantages of industrial training 
(a) as to utility ; (/;) as to mental discipline ; {c) as 
to its influence on the conduct of the school. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. ('() What is a sovereign State ? (p) Is New 



ecccii TWEXTY-FIIiST ^TATE EXAMIXA TIOX. 

York a sovereign State ? (c) Explain your answer 
to {h). 

2. By the authority of what clause in the Consti- 
tution did Congress {a) establish a military academy 
at West Point ; {b) vote millions of dollars for pen- 
sions ; (c) order coast surveys ? 

3. When sovereign States disagree, in what three 
ways may their differences be settled ? 

4. What, in substance, is the "elastic clause" 
of the United States Constitution ? 

5. What is the highest function of the Supreme 
Court of the United States ? 

6. In what way are the courts of service to the 
vast numbers who never come before them ? 

7. How are the citizens of a State represented in 
{a) the State government ; (5) the National govern- 
ment ? 

8. What amendment to the consolidated school 
act of 1864 was made by the last Legislature in 
reference to the minimum length of the school year ? 

9. According to the amendment made by the 
last Legislature to the consolidated school act of 
18G4, (fi) how must district officers be elected ? {h) 
How must questions in vol ving expenditure of money 
or levy of tax be decided ? 

10. According to the State Constitution the revenue 
from what fund shall be applied to the support 
of {a) common schools ; {h) to academies ; {c) the 
capital of which of these funds is annually increased ? 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



I,owrie(ll.\V.) Hoiv to obtain Greatest Benefit from a Book. Faper,8vo, pp. 12 25 

McCully'8 Perforated Erasers, per cloz 1 qo 

McKay (JolmS.) 100 Experiments in Natural Science. Paper, 16mo, pp. 50 15 

*AIap8 for the Wall. Send for Special Circulars. 

Maps *Reli€f Maps. Switzerland, Ilxl7i4, §3,50; 23x34, $10.00. Palestine, 

19x32, $10.00; United States, 48x82 lOQ 00 

Disstcied Maps United States sawn into States 75 

The same, Ne w V: ork State sawn into Counties ...'. 75 

*Ono/cdaua County. Cloth, ixiVi feet .10 00 

Marble (A. P.) Powers of School Offi.cers Paper. 16mo, pp. 27 15 

Marenholz-Buelow (Baroness) School Work-shops. Paper, 16nio, pp.27. 15 

Child and Child Nature. Fro3bel's Ed'l Theories. Cloth, 12nio, pp. 207.. 1 50 

Maudsley (H.j Sex in Mind and Education. Paper, 16nio, pp. 42 15 

Maxwell (W. H.) ExamirMtions as Tests for Promotion. Paper, 8vo,pp. 11 15 

'T/ie Text-Books of Conienius, with cuts from the Orhis Pictus. 8vo, pp. 24 25 

Meiklejohn (J. M. D.) The New Education. 16nio,pp. 35 15 

An old Educational Reformer. Dr. Andrew Bell. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 182... 100 

Michael (O. S.J Algehrafor Beginners. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 120 75 

Miller (Warner.) Education as a Dep't of Government. Paper, 8vo, pp. 12. 15 

Mills (C. D. B.) 'The Tree of Mythology. Cloth, 8vo, Pp. 28i 3 00 

Milton (John) A Small Tractate of Education. Paper, Itjmo, pp. 26 15 

Sketch or, hy R. R. Qaick.. Paper, 16mo, pp 55 15 

3Iinates of the International Congress of Education, 1889. Cloth, 4 vols 5 00 

Missouri, Civil Government of, l<lortha,n\. Cloth, l6mo, pp. 151 75 

3Ionroe (Will S.) The Ed'l Labors of Henry Barnard. Leatherette, 

16mo, pp. 35 50 

Hew York State Examination Questions. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 324 100 

T/ie Questions in Book-Keeynng , with Answers. Paper, 16nio, pp . 31 10 

History of the bJmpire State, Hendrick.. Cloth, 12mo. pp. 203 75 

Civil Government of the State of , Northam. Cloth, l6nio. pp. 185 75 

Code of Public Instruction . Revised to date 4 00 

Natural History, and Cabinet Reports. Write for information. 

Northam (Henry C.) Civil Government. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 231 75 

The samefor Missouri. Cloth, lOtno, pp. 151 75 

Fixing the Facts of AmeiHcan History. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 300 75 

Conversational Lessons Leading to Geograjjhy. Paper, 16mo, pp. 39 25 

Northend (Chas.) Memory Selections. Three series. Each 25 

Northrop (B. G.) High Schools. Paper,8vo, pp. 26 25 

Northrup (A.J.) Camps and Tramps in the Adirondacks. 16mo, pp. 302. 1 25 

Number Lessons. On card-board, 7x11, after the Grube Method 10 

Papers on School Issues of the Day. 15 numbers, each '. 15 cts to 40 

Pardon (Emma L.) Oral Listrucfion in Geography. Paper, 16mo, pp. 29 15 

Parsons (James Russell, Jr.,) Prussian Schools through American Eyes. 

Cloth, 8vo, pp.91 1 00 

French Schools through American Eyes. CI > th, 8vo, pp. 130 1 00 

Payne (Joseph.) Lectures on the Art of Education. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 281.. 1 00 

Payne (W. H.) A Short History of Education. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 105 50 

Pedagogical Biography. Paper, 16mo, each 15 

I. The Jesuits, Ascham, Montaigne, Ratich, Milton. 
II. John Amos Comenius. III. John Locke. 

IV. Jean Jacques Rousseau. V. John Bernard Basedow. 

VI. Joseph Jacotot. VII. John Henry Pestalozzi. 

Pedagogical Primers. Manilla, IGmo, pp. 40, each 25 

1. School Manafrement. pp. 45. 2. Letter- Writing, pp. 37. 

Perez (B ) TheFirst Three Years of Childhood. Cloth, l2mo, pp. 294 1 50 

Tiedemann's Record of Infant Life. Manilla, pp. 46 15 

Periodicals. The School Bulletin. Monthly, 16 pp., 10x14. Per year . . 1 00 

Bound Vols. I-XVII. Cloth, 200 pp., each '. 2 CO 

The School Room. Bound volumes I- V. Each 150 

The New Education. Vol. VI 2 00 

Pestalozzi (.1. H.) His Aim and Wo7'k, by De Guimps. 12mo, pp. 296 1 50 

^/f^'^lc/i o/, by R. H. Quick. Paper, 16mo, pp. 40 15 

Pestalozzian Arithmetics, bv J. H.Hoose. Boards, 16mo, 1st Year, pp. 

217. 2d Year. pp. 236. Each 50 

Le*>*ons on Number and. Form, by C. Reiner. Cloth, IGmo, pp. 439 3 00 

Pick (Dr. E.) Dr. Pick's French Method. Leatherette, 16mo, pp. 118 100 

Memorii, and the Rational Means of Improving it. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 193. .. 1 OO 

Pitcher (James.) Outlines of Surveying and Navigation. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 121 50 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS, 



Flumb (Clias. G.) Map Drawing of the State of New York. Manilla, 8vo, 

pp. 16, 4 Maps 25 

Pooler (Clias. T.) Chart of Civil Government. Cloth 25 

The Same, in sheets 12x18. per hundred 5 00 

Hi7Us on Teaching Orthoepy. Paper, 16mo, pp. 15 10 

Preece (Mrs. Louise,) Physical Culture and Voice Woi^k. Leath., 16mo, pp. 102 75 
Prentice (Mrs. J. B.) Review Prohlems in Arithmetic. Paper, 16mo, pp. 96. 20 

Review Questions in Geography. Paper, Ittino, pp. 48 15 

Primer of School Management. Manilla, pp. 43 25 

of Letter- Writing. Manilla, pp. 37 25 

Quick (R. H.) Essays on Educational Reformers. Cloth, 12mo, pp., 331 1 55 

Keddall (Henry F.) A Pocket Hand-Book of Biograjyhy. Cloth, l6mo, pp. 264 50 
Kedway {J. W .') School Geography of Pennsylvania. Leather'te, 16mo, pp.QS 35 

♦Regents' Examination Paper. Per 1000 half-sheets in box 3 00 

Regents' Examination Pens. ^4 Gross, 25c. Per Gross, post-paid 100 

Regents' Fourth Year Latin. Ccexar's Conspiracy . Paper, 16nio, pp. 20 10 
Regents' Selections in American, German, and French Literature. Leatli- 

erette,pp. 5(5. 2o cents. Each separate, paper 10 

Regents' Examination Record. For 482 scholars, .'SiS.OO; S64 scholars.. 6 00 
Regents' Examination Syllabus, in U. S. History. Paper, per dozen,.. 50 
Regents' Questions. To Jtme, 1882. {No later are printed). Eleven Editions. 

1. Complete with Key. Cloth, l6mo, pp. 476 2 00 

2. Complete. The same as the above, but without the answers. Pp. 333. 1 00 

Z. Arittimetic. The 1,293 questions in Arithmetic. Pp.93 25 

4. Key to A rithmetic, Answers to the above. Manilla, 16mo, pp. 20. . . . 25 

6. Geography. The 1,987 questions in Geography. Pp.70 25 

7. Key to Geography. Answers to the above. Manilla, 16mo, pp. 36 — 25 

8. Grammar. The 2.976 questions in Grammar. JManilla, 16mo, pp. 109 25 

9. Grammar and Key. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 198 1 00 

\0. Key to Grammar. Manilla, 16mo, pp. 88 25 

11. Spelling. The 4,800 words given in Spelling. Manilla, 16mo, pp.61. 25 

Rein(W.) Outlines of Pedagogics. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 201 125 

Richardson (B. W!) Learning and Health. Paper. 16mo. pp. 39 15 

Robinson ( A. H ) Numeral School Begister. Manilla, folio, pp. 16 25 

Roget (P.M.) Thesaurus of English Words and Phy^ases. CI., 12mo, pp. 800 2 00 

Rousseau (J. J.) Sketch of. by R, H. Quick. Paper, 16n\o, pp. 30 , 15 

Rooper (T. G.) ^' A Pot of Green Feathers." Leatlierette. 16mo, pp. 591. . 50 

Object Teaching or Words and Things. Leatherette, 16mo, pp. 56 50 

Ryan' (G. W.) School Record. 56 blanks on each of 14 sheets 50 

Sabin (Henrv) "■Orgaiiization" and" System" vs. Originality and Individ- 

nalitii, with Biscay sion by C. W. Bardeen 25 

San ford (H R) The Word Methixi i?j Numher. Per box of 45 cards. 50 

The Limited Speller. Leatherette, 16mo, pp. 104 35 

Schepmoes (A. E.) Rise of the New York School System. Leath., 16mo, pp. 32 35 
School Room Classics. ' 11 vols. Paper, 16mo, pp. about 40, each 15 



I. Huntington's Uncojiscious Tuition. 
II. Fitch's Art of Questioning. 

III. Kennedy's Philosophy of School 

Discipline. 

IV. Fitch's Art of Securing Attention. 
V. Ricliardson's Learning and Health. 

VI. Meiklejohn's Nciv Education. 
VII. Milton's Tractate of Education. 
VIII. Von Buelow's School Workshop. 



IX. Maudsley's Sex in Mind and in 

Education. 
X. Education nsVieived hy Thinkers. 
XI. Harris's How to Teach Natural 
Science in the Puhlic Schools. 
XII. Dickinson's Oral Reaching. 
Xril. Tiedemann's Record of Infant Li/e 
XIV. Butler's Place of Comeniiisin Ed- 
V cat ion. 
XV. Harris's Theory of Education. 



Schreber (I). G. R.) Home Exercise for Health and Cure. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 91 50 

Shaw's Scholar's Register, Paper, 5x7, pp. 16. Per dozen . , . 50 

Sheely (Aaron) Anecdotes and Humors of School Life. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 350 1 50 

Sherrill (J. E.) The Normal Question Book. Cloth. 12mo, pp. 405 1 50 

ShirreffCEmily). The Kinderaarten System. Cloth. 12mo, pp. 200 100 

Smith (C. F.> Honorary Degrees in American Colleges. Paper, 8vo, pp. 9. .. 15 
Smith (Geo. M.) Vocahulary to Caesar's Gallic War. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 67.. 50 

Smith ( Wm.) Geometry Test Papers. Package of 100, Si/aXlO 1 00 

Smith (Edward.) History of the Schooh of Syracuse. f^\ot\\, 8vo. pp. 347 3 00 

Song Budget, r??e. imt\\ Thousand. Paper, small 4to pp. 76, 15 

Song Century, T/ie. Paper, small 4to, pp. 87 15 



C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER, SYRACUSE, N. Y. 



Song Patriot, The. Paper, small 4to, pp. 80 15 

Song Budget Music Series, including all the above. Cloth, pp. 243 50 

Sornberger (S. J.) Normal LanQuage LesKons, Boards, 16ino, pp. 75 50 

Soutliwick (A. P.) Twenty Dime Question Books, with full answers, notes, 

queries, etc. Paper. i6mo, pp. about fo. Each 10 



1£leineutary Series 
3. Physiolojjjy. 
4. Theory and Practice. 
6. U. S. History and Civil Gov't. 
10. Algebra. 

, 13. American Literature. 
f 14. Grammar. 
- 15. Orthography and Etymology 

18. Arithmetic. 

19. Physical and Political Geog. 
5J0. Reading an i Punctuation. 

The 10 in one book, cloth, $1.00. 



Advanced Series. 

1. Physics. 

2. General Literature. 
5. General History. 

7. Astronomy. 

8. Mythology. 

9. Rhetoric. 

11. Botany. 

12. Zoology. 

16. Chemistry. 

17. Geology. 
The 10 in one book, cloth, $1.00. 



Extra Numbers, edited by C. W. Bardeen, 21. Temperance Physiology; 

22. Book-Iveeping; 23. Letter-Writing. Each 10 

Quizzism, Quirks and Quibbles from Queer Quarters. l6mo, pp. 25 25 

I A Quiz Book of Theory and Practice. Clotn, 12mo, pp . 220 1 00 

■ Steven, (Wm.) History of (he Edinburgh High School. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 590 2 00 

Stilwell (Lamont) Practical Question Book. Cloth, l2mo, pp. 400 1 50 

Stowell (T. B.) Syllabus of Lectures on Physiology. Boards, 8vo, pp. 133.. 1 00 

Straight (H. H.) Aspects of Industrial Education. Paper, 8vo, pp.12 15 

Swett (John) Manual of Elocution. Cloth, l2mo, pp. 300, nti 1 50 

Tate (Thos.) The Philosophy of Education. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 380 1 50 

Taylor (H. F.) Union School Record Cards 5x8 inches. Per hundred 2 00 

Thomas (Flavel S.) University Degrees. Paper, IBmo, pp. 40 15 

Thompson (D'Arcy W.) Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster. 16mo,pp. 328. .. 125 

Thousand Questions in U. S. History. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 200 100 

Thouglita from Earnest Women. Paper, 16mo, pp. 36 15 

Tiedemann (D.) Record of Infant Life. Paper, 16mo, np. 46 15 

Tillinghast fWm.) The Diadem of School Songs. Boards, 4to, pp. 160. ... 50 

Underwood (L. M.) Systematic Plant Record. Manilla, 7x8^ pp. 52 80 

Uniform Examination Questions, New Tori: to March 1889. 

I. Arithmetic, 317 Questions, 10 cents, H. Key. 10 cents. 

TIT. Geography, 709 " " IV. " 

V. Grammar, 533 " " VI. " 

VII. U. S. History, 429 " " VIII. " 

IX. Civil Government 3.54 " " X. " 

XI. Phvsiology, 345 " " XII. " 

Valentine (S. Louise) Numbers Made Easy 50 

Van Wie (C. B.) Outlines in U. S. History. Paper, 16mo,pp. 40 and map 15 

DevfJopment Helps. Leatherette. 16mo, pp. 100 50 

Methods in Common Branches. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 197 75 

Varona fA de) Perfected Guide to the Spanish Language. Leatherette, 

16mo.Dp.66 85 

Welch fEmma A.) Intermediate Arithmetic Problems. Cloth, 16mo,pp. 172 75 

iTejy to the above. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 30 50 

Wells (C. R.) Natural Movement Series of Writing Books. Nos. 1, 2, per 

dozen84cts. Nos. 5-7 96 

Manvalof the Movement Method in Writing. Paper, 4to, pp. 44. Til 25 

A Lesson on Arm Movement in Writing. Paper, 8vo, pp. 32 25 

Wilkin (Eva) Map Drawing Book of the Continents. Boards, 4to, pp.48, 

including ISpages of Drawing Paper 75 

Map Drawing Book of the United States. Boards, pp. 37, Including 52 

pases of Drawing Paper 75 

Descriptive Geography far/ght hy means of Maj) Drawing. Teachers' Edi- 
tion. Boards, 4to, np. 129, with 49 Maps 1 50 

Williams (Geo. A.) Topics in American History. Cloth, 16mo, pp.50 50 

Williams (S. G.) History of Modern Education. Cloth. 16mo, pp. 395 ... 1 50 
Wilson (.1. D.) English Grammar Made Practical. Cloth, 16mo. pp. 112. 75 
Elementary English. Prepared with reference to the Regents' Examina- 
tions in the State of New York. Leatherette, pp. 67 35 

Tawger (Rose N.) Hojo to celebrate Arbor Day. Paper, 16mo, pp. 14 15 

The Indian and the Pioneer. Cloth. Svo, pp. 335 3.00 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



